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AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
FIR & Sub-mm Astronomy comes of age
Herschel Space Observatory
Observing Opportunities
Mattia Vaccari - University of PadovaAlberto Franceschini & Giulia Rodighiero
Thanks also to Carol, Jim, Matt, Michael, Seb & all the
ISOCAM, ELAIS, SHADES, SWIRE, SPIRE & SCUBA2 folks
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
UV/Opt/NIR FIR/Sub-mm
Sky
Bri
gh
tnes
s
(n
W/m
2/s
r)
1 10 100 1000
100
1000
10
1
Wavelength [m]
The FIR & Sub-mm Universe
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
The effects of dust extinction andthe degeneracy of optical observables
Degeneracy is old-fashioned
Time for panchromatic SEDs
Sanders & Mirabel 1996
Lagache et al 2005
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
The integrated background light in the far-infrared and sub-millimeter region of the spectrum is approximately equal to the integrated background light in the optical and UV part of the
spectrum. To develop a complete understanding of galaxy formation, this background light must be resolved into galaxies and their physical properties must be characterized.
The Cosmic Infrared BackgroundResolved Into Discrete Sources
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
PWV = 1.0 mmPWV = 0.5 mmPWV = 0.2 mmPWV = 0.1 mm
PWV ~ Chajnantor 30%
PWV ~ Dome C 30%
Minier et al 2007
Into Thin Air : FIR & Sub-mm Atmospheric Transmission vs Precipitable Water Vapor
Lower atmospheric transmission is generally coupled with higher (sky &
instrumental) background and temporal variability
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
Herschel is an ESA cornerstone mission– spacecraft, launch (scheduled for 31 Oct 2008) and operations provided by ESA – instruments ‘nationally’ funded with international collaborators
Herschel is the first space facility to completely cover this part of the far infrared and submillimeter (60 - 670 m) range– large (3.5 m) aperture, low emissivity (~5%), passively cooled (70-90 K) telescope– cryogenically cooled focal plane science instruments with >3 years lifetime– total absence of atmospheric absorption and emission– full spectral access with low and stable background
Herschel has unique and complementary characteristics– first 4-m class space telescope ever, has much larger aperture than missions with
cryogenically cooled telescopes (IRAS, ISO, Spitzer, Akari,…)– larger & colder aperture, better ‘site’, and more observing time than balloon- and
air-born instruments (~1000 SOFIA flights per year)– larger field of view than interferometers
PACS - PI : Albrecht Poglitsch, MPE, Garching, Germany– imaging photometry and spectroscopy over 57-210 m
SPIRE - PI : Matt Griffin, Univerity of Wales, Cardiff, London, United Kingdom– imaging photometry and spectroscopy over 200-670 m
HIFI - PI : Thijs de Graauw, SRON, Groningen, The Netherlands– very high resolution spectroscopy over 480-1250 and 1410-1910 GHz (157-625 m)
The Herschel Mission
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
The Actual Spacecraft
Launch : 31 Oct 2008
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
Study the formation and evolution of galaxies in the early universe– how and when did galaxies form?– is there an unknown population of high-z IR galaxies?– star formation rates? bolometric luminosities? – Starburst vs AGN fraction?– ‘connect’ near-IR and sub-mm galaxies
Study the formation of stars and physics of the interstellar medium– how do stars form out of the interstellar medium?– circulation/enrichment of the interstellar medium - astrochemistry– detailed studies of nearby (resolvable) galaxies - templates
Study cometary, planetary, and satellite atmospheres– history of the solar system– pristine material in comets– important water lines
Herschel Main Science ObjectivesThe Young & Cold & Dusty Universe
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
PACS
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
• 3-band Imaging Photometer
- 250, 360, 520 m (simultaneous)
- ~ 3
- 4 x 8 arcmin field of view
- Diffraction limited beams(17, 24, 35”)
• Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer
- 200 - 670 m (complete range covered simultaneously)
- 2.6 arcmin field of view
- = 0.04 cm-1 ( ~ 20 - 1000 at 250 m)
SPIRE Observing Capabilities
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
SPIRE Detector Arrays
200 – 325 m37 detectors
315 – 670 m 19 detectors
Spectrometer
8 ar
cmin
Photometer500 m
43 detectors350 m
88 detectors
4 arcmin
Sets of detectors with exactly overlapping beams on the sky
250 m139 detectors
Beam FWHM
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
Herschel AO Schedule (31 Oct 2008 Launch)
Overall (3-yr Baseline Mission) Observing Time Breakdown : ~ 1000 days ~ 20000 hrsGuaranteed Time (GT) = 32% & Open Time (OT) = 68%
GT = 30% each to 3 PIs, 7% to HSC, 3% divided between 5 Mission Scientists
Commissioning, Performance Verification & Science Demonstration L - L+6m Routine Science Operations L+6m - L+42
m
GT & OT Key Projects AO Issue 01 Feb 2007 GT Key Projects Proposal AO Deadline 05 Apr 2007 (~ 5000 hr) GT Key Projects Results Announcement 05 Jul 2007 OT Key Projects Proposal AO Deadline 25 Oct 2007 (~ 5500 hr) OT Key Projects Results Announcement 28 Feb 2008 GT & OT Cycle 1 Projects AO Issue 28 Feb 2008 GT Cycle 1 Projects Proposal AO Deadline 03 Apr 2008 (~ 1000 hr) GT Cycle 1 Projects Results Announcement 05 Jun 2008 OT Cycle 1 Projects AO Deadline Late 2008 (~ 5000 hr) GT & OT Cycle 2 Projects AO Deadline Late 2009 (~ 500 hr + 3000 hr) Extra Time (0.5 yr “expected” extended mission) Later (~ 3000 hr)
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
University– Alberto Franceschini : SPIRE Co-I– Giulia Rodighiero : PACS High-z Science Consortium Member– Mattia Vaccari : SPIRE Associate Scientist & ICC Scientist– Gabriele Mainetti : newly hired PhD student
Observatory– Gianfranco De Zotti : SPIRE Consultant– Pasquale Panuzzo (2003-2006) : SPIRE ICC Scientist
Main focus is on high-z galaxy studies through a coordinated program of PACS GT (PEP) and SPIRE GT (HERMES) surveys and on the PACS & SPIRE Instrument Control Centers (ICCs)
PEP + HERMES ~ 1500 hr and arguably the largest single space astronomy project ever (at a very reasonable 50,000 Euros/hr)
Padova Involvement
AstroPizza16 Jan 2008
HerschelMattia Vaccari
Where do we go from here?
Herschel will launch on 31 Oct 2008 but in the meantime– EARA Herschel WorkShop (18-19 Feb @ IAP)
– ASI/INAF Herschel Open Time WorkShop (10-12 Mar @ ASI)
– Open Time AO Issue & Deadline expected in March & Late 2008
Look up info & watch out for updates at http://herschel.esac.esa.int
Note that SCUBA2@JCMT (450/850 m) and AZTEC@LMT (1.1 mm) are also coming online sometime over the next year or so
Well, looking forward to launch…
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