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ATTITUDEATTITUDEATTITUDEATTITUDE
ISISISISEVERY THINGEVERY THINGEVERY THINGEVERY THING!!!!
The Iceberg
How much do you see of an iceberg???
The Iceberg
ONLY 10% OFANY ICEBERG ISVISIBLE. THEREMAINING 90%IS BELOW SEALEVEL.
The Iceberg phenomena is also applicable onhuman beings …
The Iceberg
The Iceberg
SEA LEVEL
KNOWLEDGE&
SKILLS
ATTITUDE
UNKNOWNTO OTHERS
KNOWNTO OTHERS
ConceptAn attitude is a hypothetical constructthat represents an individual's degree oflike or dislike for an item. Attitudes are generally positive ornegative views of a person, place, thing,or event this is often referred to as theattitude object.
Four Possible Reactions to Attitude Objects
Negative attitude:The tendency of a person that result in
an undesirable outcome for individualsand organizations.
Positive attitude:The predisposition that results in
desirable outcomes for individuals andorganizations.
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Components of Attitudes:Tripartite View Cognitive
Affective
Behavioral
Attitude
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Components of AttitudesCOGNITIVE
Opinion or beliefs about attitude object (pos & neg) AFFECTIVE
emotions and feelings the object triggers (pos & neg) BEHAVIORAL
reaction toward the object (pos & neg actions)
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Attitude Object: EMPLOYEE
COGNITIONSMy pay is low.My supervisor is unfair.
AFFECTS
I am angry over how little I’m paid.I dislike my supervisor.
BEHAVIORS
I am going to look for another job thatpays better.I am looking for another job.
Functions of Attitude
A T T I T U D E
INSTRUMENTAL
EGO DEFENCEKNOWLEGE
VALUE EXPRESSION
Functions of Attitudes•
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Value-Expressive functionenable us to express who we are and what webelieve in
Ego-defensive functionenable us to project internally-held conflicts ontoothers means protecting self-esteem (e.g.,homophobia)
Knowledge functionenable us to know the world
Utilitarian/Instrumental FunctionEnable us to gain rewards and avoid punishment
Theories of attitude change
Cognitive Dissonance TheorySelf Perception Theory
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Attitudes, Behavior & Consistency
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People try maintain consistency betweentheir different attitudes.People try maintain consistency betweenattitudes and behavior.Altering their attitudes or behavior,developing a rationalization for theirdiscrepancy.
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
If there is an inconsistency between twoattitudes or between attitudes andbehaviorPeople seek to make them consistentAchieve a stable state with minimum ofdissonance
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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Desire to reduce dissonance depends onimportance of elements creating thedissonancedegree of influence over the elementsrewards involved in the dissonance
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Self-Perception Theory
Attitudes do not cause behavior, behaviorcauses attitudesAttitudes are formed after the fact tomake sense out of behavior that alreadyoccurred
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Do Attitudes cause Behavior?
Answer: Not very well!Attitudes have a stronger affect on behavior
if they areimportantspecificaccessiblesocial pressure reinforces the attitudeyou have experience with the attitude.
Attitude & Behavior
SEA LEVELBEHAVIOR
VALUES – STANDARDS – JUDGMENTS
ATTITUDEMOTIVES – ETHICS - BELIEFS
KNOWNTO OTHERS
UNKNOWNTO OTHERS IMPACTIMPACT
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Why Might Attitudes Matter at Work?Because attitudes to work and/or employing
organisation might affect:
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Whether a person seeks a new job
How co-operative they are with others at work
Whether they present a positive image of theorganisation to clients or customers
How they react to change
How hard they work (motivation)
Their psychological or physical health
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PersonalityThe enduring ways a person hasof feeling, thinking and behaving
Work situationThe work itself Co-workers,supervisors andsubordinatesPhysical workingconditionsWorking hours, payand job security
Attitudes to workThe collection of feelings,beliefs and predispositions tobehave in one’s job ororganisation
Social influence
Co-workersGroupsCulture
ValuesIntrinsic workvalues
Extrinsic workvalues
Determinants of Work attitudes
TYPES OF ATTITUDES
There are many types of attitudes. But here we limitto only to the work related issues.
The job related attitudes are classified as : a) Job involvement
b) Organizational Commitmentc) Job Satisfaction.
a) Job involvement
Measures the degree to which a person identifies
himself psychologically with his job andconsiders his perceived performance levelimportant to self worth.
Performance of the employees is directly related
to the amount of job involvement.
b) Organizational Commitment
It’s a state in which an employee identifies himself
with a particular organization and its goals andwishes to maintain membership in theorganization.
It depicts the level of attachment of the individual
towards the organization.
c) Job Satisfaction.
This is the individual’s attitude towards one’s job. The level of the satisfaction differs from one job to
another and also from one individual to other.
Conclusions
Attitudes do not predict single behavioursAttitudes are related to multiple behaviours(behavioural patterns)Attitudes influence behaviour throughinfluencing intentionIntention is the better predictor of behaviourIn order to understand intentions andbehaviours, need to know about beliefs andattitudes
This is essential in relation to attitude change
The Choice is YOURS
•With a Bad attitude you can never have a positive day
•With a Positive attitude you can never have a bad day
How can we develop ourpersonality and attitude ?
We can do this through :Self image and self reformationEducation and hard workDiscipline and organizationBelief in goodness's and truth and manymore.
The Final Words
“Things are the way you thinkthey are, because you thinkthey are that way.”
Thank You
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