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Axion Supernova-scope
Natsumi Nagata
Based on S. Ge, K. Hamaguchi, K. Ichimura, K. Ishidoshiro, Y. Kanazawa, Y. Kishimoto, N. Nagata, J. Zheng, arXiv:2008.03924; to apper in JCAP.
University of Tokyo
KEK-PH DMOct. 13, 2020
AxionAxion is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson associated withan anomalous U(1) symmetry (Peccei-Quinn symmetry).
R. D Peccei and H. R. Quinn (1977); S. Weinberg (1978); F. Wilczek (1978).
Axion is a good candidate for dark matter.
Solution to the Strong CP problem.
Motivations
Interactions
Lint =1
faJµPQ@µa
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Mass
ma '⇤2QCD
fa
<latexit sha1_base64="U1LXRrCCmFBFzESPTHxho4gIIRo=">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</latexit>
: PQ currentJμPQ
: axion fielda
: QCD scaleΛQCD
: axion decay constant fa ( fa ≫ vEW)
Very weak interactions & small mass
Axion interactions
Famous viable models (invisible axion):
KSVZ model: J. E. Kim (1979); M. A. Shifman, A. I. Vainshtein, V. I. Zakharov (1980).
DFSZ model: A. R. Zhitnitsky (1980); M. Dine, W. Fischler, M. Srednicki (1981).
Axion-photon interaction<latexit sha1_base64="pOIG7k5z5NS5vwxMsq+k5rNT8s8=">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</latexit>
Lint =ga��4
aFµ⌫eFµ⌫
<latexit sha1_base64="HtWqM2O/MLakTX8NLA8XXe+KSRo=">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</latexit>
ga�� ⌘ Ca��
fa
Axion-nucleon interaction<latexit sha1_base64="bncWi2c+J2iS84S2vYcsNkqac60=">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</latexit>
Lint =X
N=p,n
CN
2faN�µ�5N @µa
These coefficients are model-dependent.
ConstraintsAxion couplings are constrained by stellar cooling.
SN1987A
(KSVZ)fa ≳ 4 × 108 GeV P. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).
• Large theoretical uncertainty
• If SN1987A was a collapse-induced thermonuclear explosion, this limit may be gone.
N. Bar, K. Blum, and G. D’Amico, Phys. Rev. D 101, 123025, (2020).Neutron stars
K. Hamaguchi, N. Nagata, K. Yanagi, and J. Zheng, Phys. Rev. D98, 103015 (2018).
(KSVZ)fa ≳ 5 × 108 GeV
Uncertainty from atmosphere models.
[NS in Cas A]
Hints and new search methodThere are several hints for extra stellar cooling sources, which may be attributed to axion. WDs, RGB, HB, etc.
(DFSZ, tanβ = 10)fa = 7.7 × 107 GeV Without SN/NS limits.
M. Giannotti, I. G. Irastorza, J. Redondo, A. Ringwald, K. Saikawa, JCAP 1710, 010 (2017).
These stellar limits/hints are important but uncertain.
More direct way of probing axions from stellar objects?
Today’s topic
Supernova axion detection with an axion helioscopeIdea: G. G. Raffelt, J. Redondo, and N. Viaux Maira, Phys. Rev. D 84, 103008, (2011).
We evaluate its feasibility considering a realistic setup.
Nearby SN progenitor candidates
Spica (Virgo; 77 pc)
Spica
Antares (Scorpius; 170 pc)Betelgeuse (Orion; 222 pc)
AntaresBetelgeuse
Pictures from Wikipedia
These red/blue supergiantsmay explode in the near future.
August 25, 2020
Probably, the ejection of hot gases made the star look dimmer…
Nearby SN progenitor candidates
150± 120± 90± 60± 30± 0± 330± 300± 270± 240± 210±
RA-75°
-60°
-45°
-30°
-15°
0°
15°
30°
45°
60°
75°
Dec
Æ Sco
≤ PegÆ Ori
Æ Vir≥ Oph
Æ Lup
HIP Common Name Distance (pc) Mass (M�) RA (J2000) Dec (J2000)
65474 Spica/↵ Virginis 77(4) 11.43 ± 1.15 13:25:11.58 �11:09:40.881377 ⇣ Ophiuchi 112(3) 20.0 16:37:09.54 �10:34:01.571860 ↵ Lupi 142(3) 10.1 ± 1.0 14:41:55.76 �47:23:17.580763 Antares/↵ Scorpii 170(30) 11–14.3 16:29:24.46 �26:25:55.2107315 Enif/✏ Pegasi 211(8) 11.7(8) 21:44:11.16 +09:52:30.027989 Betelgeuse/↵ Orionis 222+48
�34 11.6+5.0�3.9 05:55:10.31 +07:24:25.4
M ≳ 10 M⊙ , d ≲ 250 pcPosition of SN progenitor candidates
d > 250 pc
There are quite a fewnearby SN candidates.
PreSN neutrino alarmWe can predict nearby SN explosion using preSN neutrinos.
Even before core collapse, many neutrinos are emitted from the progenitor.
These preSN neutrinos can be detected if .d ≲ 1 kpcKamLAND, SK/HK, JUNO, DUNE, etc.
Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS)
Location of the source can also be estimated:H.-L. Li, et. al., JCAP 05, 049 (2020); M. Mukhopadhyay, et.al., APJ 899, 2, 153 (2020).
JUNO, O(1) hours before. ≃ 60∘
JUNO (Li loaded), O(1) hours before. ≃ 15∘
We may determine the exploding SN progenitor in advance.
Axion helioscope
Experiment (Proposed) site B (T) L (m) A (m2)
CAST CERN 9 9.3 2.9 ⇥ 10�3
BabyIAXO DESY ⇠ 2 10 0.77
IAXO baseline DESY ⇠ 2.5 20 2.3
IAXO+ DESY ⇠ 3.5 22 3.9
TASTE INR 3.5 12 0.28
For the detector of axions, we use axion helioscopes:
Past
Future
Designed to detect solar axions.
We can direct them at a SN in advance thanks to the preSN neutrino alert system.
Equipped with a X-ray detector. But…
Energy of SN axions = O(10) MeV γ-rays
B
a �
Detect this photon
Axion helioscope
Sun
X-ray opticsX-ray detector
Magnet coilB
“
axion
IAXO
Axion helioscope
Sun
“-ray detector
X-ray opticsX-ray detector
Magnet coilB
“
axion
We propose to install an additional γ-ray detector on the other end.
Axion SN-scopeSun
“-ray detector
X-ray opticsX-ray detector
Magnet coilB
“
axion
SN
“-ray detector
X-ray optics
X-ray detector
Magnet coilB
“
axion
Ordinary run
After pre-SN neutrino alert.
Turning around the helioscope, letting it be axion supernova-scope.
TimelineO(1) days—O(1) hours before core collapse
Pre-SN neutrino alert!
Axion SN-scope directed at a SN progenitor candidate.
Core-collapse
Axion emission (in ~ 10 seconds)
Observation time fraction
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Azimuth Ædet [±]
°80
°60
°40
°20
0
20
40
60
80
Alti
tude
µ[± ]
±det = 53.6± (DESY), µmax = 25±
Æ Vir≥ OphÆ LupÆ Sco≤ PegÆ Ori
�–(t)”det”SN
z (the Earth’s axis)
DetectorProgenitor
Probability of targeting a SN-scope at a nearby SN?
Maximum elevation
25°: IAXO
20°: TASTE
More than 50% probability (except α Lupi).
Another detector at a different point and/or a larger θmax allow full-time coverage.
Event number
10°2 10°1 100 101
10°11
10°10
10°9
10°8
10°7
SNscope @ IAXO
Betelgeuse-100
Betelgeuse-1
Spica-100
Spica-1
DFSZ
CAST
BabyIAXO
IAXO
KSVZ
Stellar
# of axions produced by SNis estimated according toP. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).
Event number is computed for KSVZwhile taking ma as a free parameter.
( : KSVZ values)CN, Caγγ
In the large mass region, SN-scope offers a better sensitivity than IAXO, thanks to higher energies of SN axions.
In the low mass region, the sensitivities of IAXO and SN-scope are comparable.
We may detect both solar and SN axions.
Background estimate
µ±
µ±
“
CsI
Bore
Pla
stic
Sci
ntill
ator
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Number of Hit Plate
4−10
3−10
2−10
1−10
1
Arbi
trary
Uni
t
A design for the γ-ray detector # of hits (energy deposit > 1 MeV)
90 MeV photon
Veto
0.5 GeV μ±
O(103) muons expected in ~ 10s.Photons stop in the detector, but muons penetrate it. Muons deposit larger energy than photons.
Background elimination is feasible!
Conclusion
• We discussed the prospect of detecting SN axions with SN-scope.
• With the help of pre-SN neutrino alarm, we can point a SN-scope at an exploding SN progenitor in advance.
• SN axion detection is a realistic and promising option for future axion helioscopes.
Backup
Strong CP problem
L✓ = ✓G↵s
8⇡GA
µ⌫eGAµ⌫ �
X
q
mq q✓qi�5q<latexit sha1_base64="w1d5CXKPpuGbKRvYAMH2GW0EMbE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="w1d5CXKPpuGbKRvYAMH2GW0EMbE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="w1d5CXKPpuGbKRvYAMH2GW0EMbE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ImrlamSKlaTxrNWC3v5u8gnRGBI=">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</latexit>
eGAµ⌫ =
1
2✏µ⌫⇢�G
Aµ⌫
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These terms induce the neutron electric dipole moment:
The QCD Lagrangian contains the CP-violating terms:
dn = (2.4± 1.0)⇥ 10�16✓ e · cm
<latexit sha1_base64="/GEMk0zeJAJQPTdnh/lrKWM9Wd8=">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</latexit>
✓ = ✓G +X
q
✓q
<latexit sha1_base64="Wq9JrudFIfmkUS6GyUGFU8aFees=">AAACI3icbZBNSgNBEIVr/I3xL+rSTWMQFCHMSEA3YsCFLiMYIzhh6Ol0kibdM5PuGiEMOYOn8Ahu9QDuxI0LV17AI9hJFIz6oOHjVRVV/cJECoOu++pMTc/Mzs3nFvKLS8srq4W19UsTp5rxGotlrK9CargUEa+hQMmvEs2pCiWvh92TYb1+w7URcXSB/YQ3FG1HoiUYRWsFhV0/pDrzscORDsgRGVNwSvaIb1IV9L6dXlAouiV3JPIXvC8oHn/ASNWg8O43Y5YqHiGT1Jhrz02wkVGNgkk+yPup4QllXdrm1xYjqrhpZKMvDci2dZqkFWv7IiQj9+dERpUxfRXaTkWxY37Xhua/tVANyORqbB02MhElKfKIjTe3UkkwJsPASFNozlD2LVCmhT2esA7VlKGNNW9T8X5n8Bcu90teuVQ+LxcrlXE8kINN2IId8OAAKnAGVagBg1u4hwd4dO6cJ+fZeRm3TjlfMxswIeftE43cpSM=</latexit>
M. Pospelov and A. Ritz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2526 (1999).
|dn| < 1.8⇥ 10�26 e · cm
<latexit sha1_base64="Dqx9yXa1t/kqdZ4rlh4FvlOCOew=">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</latexit>
Limit from nEDM collaboration
|✓| . 10�10
<latexit sha1_base64="JQLm342DTWlMb+VrJUG0eRrQ2ro=">AAACGnicbVDLSgNBEOz1bXxFPXoZDIIXw64E9GbAi0cFYwJuDLOTjhmc2V1meoWw7tWv8BO86gd4E69ePPsDfoKTxIOvgoaiqpvurihV0pLvv3kTk1PTM7Nz86WFxaXllfLq2plNMiOwIRKVmFbELSoZY4MkKWylBrmOFDajq8Oh37xGY2USn9Igxbbml7HsScHJSZ0yuwkjbvKQ+ki8uGGhQmut1CzwL/KdwC865Ypf9Udgf0nwRSoHHzDCcaf8HnYTkWmMSShu7Xngp9TOuSEpFBalMLOYcnHFL/Hc0ZhrtO189EnBtpzSZb3EuIqJjdTvEznX1g505Do1p7797Q3Ff71IF+znaurtt3MZpxlhLMabe5lilLBhTqwrDQpSA0e4MNIdz0SfGy7IpVlyqQS/M/hLznarQa1aO6lV6vVxPDAHG7AJ2xDAHtThCI6hAQJu4R4e4NG78568Z+9l3Drhfc2sww94r58IqaG/</latexit>
Why it should be so small??
Axion
PQ transformations
fa: axion decay constant
Low-energy effective Lagrangian
Axion is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson associated withan anomalous U(1) symmetry (Peccei-Quinn symmetry).
R. D Peccei and H. R. Quinn (1977); S. Weinberg (1978); F. Wilczek (1978).
Effective potential
V (a) ' 1
2T✓
a
fa+ ✓
◆2
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T ' ⇤4QCD
<latexit sha1_base64="22zS6y7tZ8919bFQN9o3ZuTFAi4=">AAACHnicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBKvgqsxIQXcW6sKFixb6gk4tmTRtQ5OZMckIZZgf8Cv8BLf6Ae7Era79AT/B9LGwrQcCh3Pu4d4cL+RMadv+slIrq2vrG+nNzNb2zu5edv+groJIElojAQ9k08OKcubTmmaa02YoKRYepw1vWBr7jQcqFQv8qh6FtC1w32c9RrA2Uid7gmKXYI6qCXIVE/Qeubcm3cWd2JUCVUrXyV2hk83ZeXsCtEycGcld/cAE5U722+0GJBLU14RjpVqOHep2jKVmhNMk40aKhpgMcZ+2DPWxoKodT36ToFOjdFEvkOb5Gk3Uv4kYC6VGwjOTAuuBWvTG4r+eJxI0v1r3Ltsx88NIU59MN/cijnSAxl2hLpOUaD4yBBPJzPGIDLDERJtGM6YVZ7GDZVI/zzuFfKFSyBWL03ogDUdwDGfgwAUU4QbKUAMCj/AML/BqPVlv1rv1MR1NWbPMIczB+vwF18ainw==</latexit>
: topological susceptibility
m2a =
Tf2a
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haifa
+ ✓ = 0
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AxionAxion is a Nambu-Goldstone boson associated withthe Peccei-Quinn symmetry. R. D Peccei and H. R. Quinn (1977);
S. Weinberg (1978); F. Wilczek (1978).Lagrangian
<latexit sha1_base64="dPIlnGvnrLIuW4SF2Inf5h7aGu8=">AAADL3icbVLNbtQwEHbCX1n+tnDkYrFFKgK2yYqKXpBW6qEcECqCbSutd6OJ42ys2klqO5TK8kPxGDwB4oK48hY4u5FgW0Zy/Pmb+WacGae14NpE0Y8gvHb9xs1bG7d7d+7eu/+gv/nwSFeNomxCK1GpkxQ0E7xkE8ONYCe1YiBTwY7T0/3Wf/yZKc2r8pO5qNlMwqLkOadgPJX0vxEJpqAg7DuH32CSK6A2dnbk8DapQRkOIiGywfBsPsLPuwBwNk/AdScCoi4g0c7ukZo7fJDYVkHKxkec84wZLjJmD9z8L+8z6UYmZ12KfY98UbzKmoKyZ35fgJQwX2qWMNnFXvBi/V49nyqrjE76g2gYLQ1fBXEHBqizw2QzeO+FtJGsNFSA1tM4qs3MtsmpYK5HGs1qoKewYFMPS5BMz+yy5w4/9UyG80r5VRq8ZP9VWJBaX8jUR7Yd1pd9Lfk/37Qx+d7M8rJuDCvpqlDeCGwq3A4QZ1wxasSFB0AV93fFtADfROPHvFYlla7XIyU7p5VvXplZ8tH/ZuGm8cxaUlUg+KK0pMi52Fl+CVVUbQ3iLefcutC/CCLT6ot/GqTQvgCzL6PhaJdJt+KFV/gJxJf7fRUcjYZxNIw/vBqMx90sNtBj9ARtoxi9RmP0Fh2iCaLBTjAJ5kESfg2/hz/DX6vQMOg0j9Cahb//AIqjBck=</latexit>
Axion-nucleon couplings
<latexit sha1_base64="Y4Ukod2n5rA9K8UkBnflNajG/84=">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</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="65iMCFR+fwu96Re61KtW1W3rfnU=">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</latexit>
Spin fractions
<latexit sha1_base64="m065z8YYiM0+7m9kbyWbYlSEpMg=">AAACoHicbVHLbhMxFHWGR0t4pbBkYzVFQiDCuCoCdYEqsekKWkHaing08ng8Gat+DLanJbL8L3wNW9jyNzgzESItV7rW8Tn36PpeF43g1qXp70Fy4+at2xubd4Z3791/8HC09ejE6tZQNqVaaHNWEMsEV2zquBPsrDGMyEKw0+L8/VI/vWDGcq0+u0XDMknmilecEhepfLQv8+cQs68tv4C4MoR6mbdQ5mVMG/5eXsAe2Q71Yj4ap5O0C3gdoBUYg1Uc5VuDD7jUtJVMOSqItTOUNi7zxDhOBQtD3FrWEHpO5mwWoSKS2cx3Qwb4NDIlrLSJqRzs2H8dnkhrF7KIlZK42l7VluT/tFnrqreZ56ppHVO0b1S1AjoNlxuDJTeMOrGIgFDD41shrUlclYt7XetSyDAcYsUuqZaSqNLjT3HMOsxQ5j3Wmgg+Vx7XFRevuhNTQ83OGO2EENaNKHgsC/3No4BrGxsw/zKd7L5mMvS8iI74A+jqvq+Dk90JSifoeG988G71F5vgCdgGzwACb8ABOARHYAoo+A5+gJ/gV7KdHCYfk+O+NBmsPI/BWiRf/gCg1M9l</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="9kKRb+LQpUQ1eXDLhNLKkwcqjj4=">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</latexit>
Axion-nucleon couplings
Cp = − 0.47(3), Cn = − 0.02(3)
Note that Cn may be zero within uncertainty.
Cp = − 0.182(25) − 0.435 sin2 β
Cn = − 0.160(25) + 0.414 sin2 βBoth can be sizable.
<latexit sha1_base64="Y4Ukod2n5rA9K8UkBnflNajG/84=">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</latexit>
Axion-nucleon couplings are given as
KSVZ model: no direct coupling to quarks
DFSZ model: axion couples to quarks directly
Axion-photon couplingAxion-photon interaction
<latexit sha1_base64="pOIG7k5z5NS5vwxMsq+k5rNT8s8=">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</latexit>
Lint =ga��4
aFµ⌫eFµ⌫
<latexit sha1_base64="HtWqM2O/MLakTX8NLA8XXe+KSRo=">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</latexit>
ga�� ⌘ Ca��
fa
<latexit sha1_base64="NKmQ0eqha6pAD0w6jYh8/doYqEc=">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</latexit>
ga�� =↵
2⇡fa
E
N� 2
3
4md +mu
mu +md
�' ↵
2⇡fa
E
N� 2.0
�
KSVZ model: E/N = 0.
DFSZ model: E/N = 8/3.
Pre-supernova neutrinosPrior to core bounce, pre-supernova neutrinos are emittedfrom a core of a massive star.
- 9.5 - 8.5 - 7.5 - 6.5 - 5.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 - 2.5 - 1.5 - 0.5
1
10
100
1000
Time (in hrs )
N
D = 0.2 kpc
15 M!
30 M!
Normal Hierarchy
b)
Cumulative numbers of events at a 17 kt liquid scintillator (JUNO)
M. Mukhopadhyay, et.al., APJ 899, 2, 153 (2020).
Neutrino emissionThermal pair emission
Electron-positron pair annihilation: e+ + e− → ν + ν
Plasmon decay: γ* → ν + ν
Photo neutrino: e− + γ → e− + ν + ν
Bremsstrahlung: e− + (Z, A) → e− + (Z, A) + ν + ν
Nuclear weak interactionElectron capture: (Z, A) + e− → (Z − 1, A) + νe
β+ decay: (Z, A) → (Z − 1, A) + e+ + νe
Positron capture: (Z, A) + e+ → (Z + 1, A) + νe
β- decay: (Z, A) → (Z + 1, A) + e− + νe
Electron capture on free protons: p + e− → n + νe
Luminosity
1050
1052
1054
1056
10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
LN
! [s-1
]
time to core bounce [s]
total !etotal !-eECfree p"+
PC"-
pair
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
time to core bounce [s]
total !x+!-x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0 10 20
norm
aliz
ed s
pect
ra
E! [MeV]
t = 3.8#10-3
s
0.0
0.2
0.4
0 5 10 15E! [MeV]
t = 0.15 s
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 4 8E! [MeV]
t = 400 sCore collapse K. Ishidoshiro, C. Kato, T. Yoshida, arXiv:2006.02519.
Energy spectrum1050
1052
1054
1056
10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106L
N
! [s-1
]time to core bounce [s]
total !etotal !-eECfree p"+
PC"-
pair
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
time to core bounce [s]
total !x+!-x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0 10 20
norm
aliz
ed s
pect
ra
E! [MeV]
t = 3.8#10-3
s
0.0
0.2
0.4
0 5 10 15E! [MeV]
t = 0.15 s
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 4 8E! [MeV]
t = 400 s
K. Ishidoshiro, C. Kato, T. Yoshida, arXiv:2006.02519.
νe
νe
Difference between and is due to the Fermi degeneracyof electrons.
νe νe
Pre-supernova neutrinosUncertainty in the angular determination (Betelgeuse; 1 hour before)
LS68% CL90% CL
LS-Li68% CL90% CL
M. Mukhopadhyay, et.al., APJ 899, 2, 153 (2020).νe + p → n + e+
Observable time
Another detector at a different point and/or a larger θmax allow full-time coverage.
The longitudes of DESY and Tokyo differ by ~ 130°.
Axion emission rate
The rate of axion emission is<latexit sha1_base64="ZclcpE4ZUGN30jTe/jbxYDJYCyA=">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</latexit>
Na ' 2.2⇥ 1074 s�1 ⇥✓mN
fa
◆2
C2N,e↵
where<latexit sha1_base64="tee9K4Xf59avkks8mP64eCaqfH4=">AAACpXicbVHLbhMxFHWGVxleKSzZjEgRSMAwDgTYNVI3bKiKaNJK8XTkcTwZq34MtqcQWf4cvoYtLPgLPgFnUiTSciVb555zr+6rbDgzNst+9aIrV69dv7F1M751+87de/3t+1OjWk3ohCiu9HGJDeVM0ollltPjRlMsSk6PytO9lX50RrVhSh7aZUNzgReSVYxgG6iiv7tXuP3nDmmR0Kry/mSI6OeWnSWBl/7EDf2zLH0Dg9f89UavOq2j4qI/yNKss+QygOdgsPsbdHZQbPf20VyRVlBpCcfGzGDW2NxhbRnh1MeoNbTB5BQv6CxAiQU1uesm9cnjwMyTSunwpE069t8Mh4UxS1GGSIFtbS5qK/J/2qy11bvcMdm0lkqyLlS1PLEqWa0tmTNNieXLADDRLPSakBprTGxY7kaVUvg4RpJ+IUoILOcOfQpj1n4Gc+eQUpizhXSorhh/2f2IaKJ3BnDHe7+ZCL1DolRfHfSoNqEAdS+ydDiiwq957rsLwIv7vgymwxSO0uzj68F4vD4F2AIPwSPwFEDwFozBe3AAJoCAb+A7+AF+Rk+iD9FhNF2HRr3znAdgw6LiD4Ph0o8=</latexit>
C2N,e↵ ⌘ C2
n + 0.61C2p + 0.53CnCp
P. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).
Axions are abundantly produced in ~ 10 sec after the bounceof a core-collapse SN.Bremsstrahlung
N + N′ → N + N′ + a
Axion spectrum
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Medium corrections
OPE
Uniform Realistic
⟨ω⟩ ≃ 2.3T T ≃ 30 MeV
P. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).
Axion conversion rateAxion-photon conversion probability inside a helioscope:
<latexit sha1_base64="FBr/HzOrgSg0i4m+bsziwXtkR1M=">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</latexit>
P (a ! �) =1
4(ga��BL)2
✓sin(qL/2)
qL/2
◆2
where <latexit sha1_base64="h7zHU2qypXG8Hs1TszzFMvyTxGk=">AAACgnicbVFNbxMxEHWWAiV8pXCEg0WKhJBIdwNVOYCIxIUTKoK0leJlNet4s1b9sbW9QGT5wq/hCv+Gf8FPwNn0QFpGsvX0Zp5m5k3ZCG5dmv7uJVe2rl67vn2jf/PW7Tt3Bzv3jqxuDWVTqoU2JyVYJrhiU8edYCeNYSBLwY7L07er/PEXZizX6pNbNiyXsFC84hRcpIrBwzP8GpPKAPWygM/j4MeYaMkWUEAoBsN0lHaBL4PsHAzf/EFdHBY7vfdkrmkrmXJUgLWzLG1c7sE4TgULfdJa1gA9hQWbRahAMpv7bo2AH0dmjitt4lMOd+y/Cg/S2qUsY6UEV9uLuRX5v9ysddXL3HPVtI4pum5UtQI7jVee4Dk3jDqxjACo4XFWTGuInrjo3EaXUoZ+nyj2lWopQc09+RjXrMMsy70nWoPgC+VJXXGx1/2EGmp2h9luCGFTmAVPZKm/+SyQ2sYGzD9LR+N9JsOaF1ERL5Bd9PsyOBqPsv1R+uHFcDJZnwJtowfoEXqCMnSAJugdOkRTRNF39AP9RL+SreRpkiXP16VJ71xzH21E8uovTrLFTg==</latexit>
q =m2
a
2!a: axion massma : axion energyωa
<latexit sha1_base64="a7K1PeWEgGRojZMaZruMZ2g59Bc=">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</latexit>
qL ⌧ 1<latexit sha1_base64="t8Vebn6uOME4K1jRj8b2ozKm/WM=">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</latexit>
P (a ! �) ' 1
4(ga��BL)2 (coherence)∝ L2
<latexit sha1_base64="Vk3ojtp3nuCNXZWGuWzVZV4Em+M=">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</latexit>
ma .r
2!a
L
Number of events<latexit sha1_base64="z/m4762aCNZuEUAsefKHMOyoYko=">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</latexit>
N ' P (a ! �)NaA
4⇡d2�t
' 1.0⇥✓
A
2.3m2
◆✓B
2.5T
◆2 ✓ L
20m
◆2
⇥✓150 pc
d
◆2 ✓ T
30MeV
◆5/2 ✓ �t
10 s
◆
⇥✓
Ca��
0.0023
◆2 ✓3⇥ 108 GeV
fa
◆4 ✓CN,e↵
0.37
◆2
,
<latexit sha1_base64="wTwQas9HRzC+OrnV5zFCjwFcEZw=">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</latexit>
(ma ⌧p
2!a/L)
A: cross sectional aread: distance to the progenitor
Event number (IAXO+)
10°2 10°1 100 101
10°11
10°10
10°9
10°8
10°7
SNscope @ IAXO+
Betelgeuse-100
Betelgeuse-1
Spica-100
Spica-1
CAST
BabyIAXO
IAXO+
KSVZ
DFSZ
Stellar
S. Ge, K. Hamaguchi, K. Ichimura, K. Ishidoshiro, Y. Kanazawa, Y. Kishimoto, N. Nagata, J. Zheng, arXiv:2008.03924.
# of axions produced by SNis estimated according toP. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).
Event number is computed for KSVZwhile taking ma as a free parameter.
( : KSVZ values)CN, Caγγ
Event number
10°10 10°9 10°8 10°7
10°12
10°11
10°10
10°9
SN
Cas
A
HESS
SNscope @ IAXO
CAST
BabyIAXO
IAXO
KSVZ
DFSZ
Betelgeuse-100Betelgeuse-1
Spica-100
Spica-1
Stellar
ma = 10−3 eV
S. Ge, K. Hamaguchi, K. Ichimura, K. Ishidoshiro, Y. Kanazawa, Y. Kishimoto, N. Nagata, J. Zheng, arXiv:2008.03924.
Astrophysical limits (KSVZ)
Event number vs SN1987A limit
1 5 10
108
109
Spica-1
Spica-100
Betelgeuse-1
Betelgeuse-10
0
SN198
7A
Cerr ≡·Ntrue·Ncalc
Parametrize the uncertainty inthe axion flux by
true value·Ntrue :
computed value·Ncalc :
For the SN1987A bound, fa ∝ C1/2err
KSVZ
For a given number of events, fa ∝ C1/4err
Total energy deposit
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Total Deposit Energy [MeV]
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Arbi
trary
Uni
t
30 MeV
60 MeV90 MeV
γ-rays μ±
0.5 GeV
4 GeV
Photons deposit most of their energy in the detector.Muons deposit larger energy than photons.
SN1987A bound?
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Kamiokande
IMB
Baksan
PNS
+ accretion?
BH?
accretion disk?
N. Bar, K. Blum, and G. D’Amico, Phys. Rev. D 101, 123025, (2020).
Axions do not affect the neutrino emission from accretion disk.
SN1987A bound is absent in this case.
Cooling curves vs data
As strong as the SN1987A bound.
Our limit
fa ≳ 5 (7) × 108 GeVKSVZ (DFSZ, tanβ = 10)
Cf.) SN1987A
fa ≳ 4 × 108 GeV (KSVZ)
K. Hamaguchi, N. Nagata, K. Yanagi, and J. Zheng, Phys. Rev. D98, 103015 (2018).
Now we try to fit the data with varying the neutron triplet gap.
PDG 2019
XMMU J173203.3-344518XMMU J173203.3-344518
NS in the center of the supernova remnant G353.6-0.7.
Hottest NS among those with weak magnetic fields.
D. Klochkov, et. al., Astron. Astrophys. 573, A53 (2015).
Approximately 27000 yrsW. W. Tian, et. al., Astrophys. J. 679, L85 (2008).
To explain this temperature, we need
fa > 1.7 × 109 GeV : DFSZ
fa > 6.7 × 107 GeV : KSVZ
M. V. Beznogov, et. al., Phys. Rev. C 98, 035802 (2018).
See also L. B. Leison, arXiv:1909.03941.
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