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FLOOD MAPPING USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
AZURA BINTI MD ZAHRI
A project report submitted in fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the
degree of Master in Engineering (Civil)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
DECEMBER 2014
iii
To my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman
my lovely children Firash Fitri Firash Fikri Firash
Fathi and Firash Fahmi To my friends and
wonderful classmate Pn Yuhani Bt Jamian Pn
Munirah Bt Dawi Saifudin Cik Canarisa Nipi Ah
Lian Mr Lim Che Chien Mr Tang Hing Kwong Mr
Chai Teck Jung Mr Engku Shahrulerizal B Engku Ab
Rahman Mr Norasman Pn Mimi Sulastri Bt Jeman
Mr Tan Kheng Wee Mr Loo Khee Hui Thank you for
your support motivation love and friendship
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I was really appreciated to many people that contribute towards my
understanding and thoughts in order to finish my dissertation I would like to express
my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Zulhilmi B Ismail for his guidance motivation
and encouragement Also to Dr Mohamad Hidayat B Jamal for his critics advise
and guidance
My appreciation also goes to Urban Section Of DID Sarawak for their
cooperation in order to obtain the information
My sincere appreciation to my colleague Pn Azrina Bt Zolkipli Mdm Pang
Siow Juen Mr Thiong Hua Sang and Pn Norina Bt Omar for their guidance
knowledge and assistance to finish this report Special thanks to my classmate for
their supportive motivation guaidance and friendship
Appreciation and special thank you to my lovely friends Pn Mazlin Pn
Nurazura Pn Mardiana Pn Sezee and Pn Yuhani for their motivation love
guaidance and advise
Last but not least to my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman my
lovely child Firash Fitri Firash Fikri Firash Fathi and Firash Fahmi thank you for
being such a lovely understanding and supportive along my journey Also to my
family and family in law for their support
v
ABSTRACT
Naturally Malaysia facing with flood problem all over the country This
problem will make worst loses to property and life Sarawak is one of the state in
Malaysia which facing with this problem In 19632004 and 2009 Sarawak
experience the worst flood event all over the year Hence the flood mitigation rush to
built in order to control the flood However before the flood mitigation plan is built
there are several information need to be develop in order to predict the flood area
Several research had been done in order to develop the flood hazard mapping
Certain use InfoWorks RS and other use Autocad 3D associate with Google Earth In
this study the main aim is to provide flood hazard mapping and identify the rivers
that contribute to flood The flood map was evaluated based on areas and perimeter
of the floodplain The data was collected from Urban Section of DID Sarawak The
digitizing process was used in order to complete the flood mapping process GIS
application also used to achieve other objectives The analysis show the flood prone
area in Sarawak include the river that contribute to floodpain It was 51636 km2 and
94428 km of floodplain in Sarawak Usually there were 550km2 and 600km was
cover with flood For the conclusion Samarahan and Mukah was the division that
always experience with the flood problem due to the number of river that contribute
to flood and percentage of area that covered by flood This research can help people
to understand and get informed the frequent flood area and being prepared for the
flood occurrences
vi
ABSTRAK
Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang sering berdepan dengan
masalah banjir Masalah ini membawa kepada kemusnahan harta benda dan juga
nyawa Sarawak merupakan salah satu negeri yang sering berdepan denga masalah
banjir Pada tahun 1963 2004 dan 2009 Sarawak mengalami banjir yang teruk di
dalam sejarah negeri Sarawak Bertitik tolak daripada masalah tersebut tebatan
banjir telah di bina untuk mengawal masalah ini daripada berulang Walau
bagaimanapun pembinaan tebatan banjir memerlukan beberapa informasi bagi
menjangkakan kawasan yang kerap berlakunya banjir Beberapa kajian telah
dijalankan bagi membina peta banjir untuk membantu dalam pembinaan projek
tebatan banjir Terdapat beberapa kaedah yang digunakan untuk membina peta banjir
antaranya dengan menggunakan lsquoInfoWorks RSrsquo dan menggunakan lsquoAutocad 3Drsquo
bersama lsquoGoogle Earthrsquo Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti
sungai-sungai yang merupakan penyumbang kepada masalah banjir Keluasan dan
perimeter kawasan banjir akan ditaksir melalui peta banjir yang dihasilkan
Menggunakan data yang diambil daripada Bahagian Urban DID Sarawak proses
pendigitalan telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta banjir ini Aplikasi GIS juga
digunakan untuk mengetahui keluasan dan perimeter kawasan banjir Analisis
menunjukkan 51636 km2 kawasan yang mengalami masalah banjir dengan perimeter
94428 km di seluruh Sarawak Pada kebiasaannya keluasan dan perimeter kawasan
yang terlibat dengan banjir adalah 550km2 dan 600km Kesimpulan daripada
penilaian yang dilakukan mendapati bahagian Samarahan dan Mukah merupakan
bahagian yang sering berdepan dengan masalah banjir Ianya berpandukan jumlah
sungai di bahagian tersebut dan juga peratusan kawasan yang dinaiki air Kajian ini
akan membantu penduduk di kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir untuk memahami
dan mendapatkan maklumat mengenai banjir Selain itu mereka juga boleh membuat
persiapan untuk menghadapi banjir
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Introduction 1
12 Problem Background 1
13 Research Problem 2
14 Research Aim and Objective 3
15 Research Scope 3
16 Significant of Research 4
17 Hypothesis 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
21 Introduction 5
22 Flood 6
viii
23 Flood Mapping 9
24 Flood Modeling 11
25 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15
26 Flood Modeling using GIS 16
27 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
31 Introduction 21
31 Area of study 21
32 Digitizing process 25
321 Digitizing process for the base map
(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26
3211 Open Base Map 27
3212 Gridlines 28
3213 Georeferencing 30
3214 Create Shape File 32
3215 Start digitizing process 34
3216 Convert Polyline to polygon 35
33 Calculating on flood area 38
331 Open attribute table 38
332 Add field 40
333 Calculate Geometry 41
34 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42
35 Conclusion 44
ix
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
41 Introduction 45
42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
421 Kuching Division 51
422 Samarahan Division 52
423 Sri Aman Division 53
424 Betong Division 54
425 Sarikei Division 55
426 Sibu Division 56
427 Kapit Division 57
428 Mukah Division 58
429 Bintulu Division 59
4210 Miri Division 60
4211 Limbang Division 61
43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
44 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
51 Conclusion 69
52 Recomendation 71
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
iii
To my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman
my lovely children Firash Fitri Firash Fikri Firash
Fathi and Firash Fahmi To my friends and
wonderful classmate Pn Yuhani Bt Jamian Pn
Munirah Bt Dawi Saifudin Cik Canarisa Nipi Ah
Lian Mr Lim Che Chien Mr Tang Hing Kwong Mr
Chai Teck Jung Mr Engku Shahrulerizal B Engku Ab
Rahman Mr Norasman Pn Mimi Sulastri Bt Jeman
Mr Tan Kheng Wee Mr Loo Khee Hui Thank you for
your support motivation love and friendship
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I was really appreciated to many people that contribute towards my
understanding and thoughts in order to finish my dissertation I would like to express
my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Zulhilmi B Ismail for his guidance motivation
and encouragement Also to Dr Mohamad Hidayat B Jamal for his critics advise
and guidance
My appreciation also goes to Urban Section Of DID Sarawak for their
cooperation in order to obtain the information
My sincere appreciation to my colleague Pn Azrina Bt Zolkipli Mdm Pang
Siow Juen Mr Thiong Hua Sang and Pn Norina Bt Omar for their guidance
knowledge and assistance to finish this report Special thanks to my classmate for
their supportive motivation guaidance and friendship
Appreciation and special thank you to my lovely friends Pn Mazlin Pn
Nurazura Pn Mardiana Pn Sezee and Pn Yuhani for their motivation love
guaidance and advise
Last but not least to my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman my
lovely child Firash Fitri Firash Fikri Firash Fathi and Firash Fahmi thank you for
being such a lovely understanding and supportive along my journey Also to my
family and family in law for their support
v
ABSTRACT
Naturally Malaysia facing with flood problem all over the country This
problem will make worst loses to property and life Sarawak is one of the state in
Malaysia which facing with this problem In 19632004 and 2009 Sarawak
experience the worst flood event all over the year Hence the flood mitigation rush to
built in order to control the flood However before the flood mitigation plan is built
there are several information need to be develop in order to predict the flood area
Several research had been done in order to develop the flood hazard mapping
Certain use InfoWorks RS and other use Autocad 3D associate with Google Earth In
this study the main aim is to provide flood hazard mapping and identify the rivers
that contribute to flood The flood map was evaluated based on areas and perimeter
of the floodplain The data was collected from Urban Section of DID Sarawak The
digitizing process was used in order to complete the flood mapping process GIS
application also used to achieve other objectives The analysis show the flood prone
area in Sarawak include the river that contribute to floodpain It was 51636 km2 and
94428 km of floodplain in Sarawak Usually there were 550km2 and 600km was
cover with flood For the conclusion Samarahan and Mukah was the division that
always experience with the flood problem due to the number of river that contribute
to flood and percentage of area that covered by flood This research can help people
to understand and get informed the frequent flood area and being prepared for the
flood occurrences
vi
ABSTRAK
Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang sering berdepan dengan
masalah banjir Masalah ini membawa kepada kemusnahan harta benda dan juga
nyawa Sarawak merupakan salah satu negeri yang sering berdepan denga masalah
banjir Pada tahun 1963 2004 dan 2009 Sarawak mengalami banjir yang teruk di
dalam sejarah negeri Sarawak Bertitik tolak daripada masalah tersebut tebatan
banjir telah di bina untuk mengawal masalah ini daripada berulang Walau
bagaimanapun pembinaan tebatan banjir memerlukan beberapa informasi bagi
menjangkakan kawasan yang kerap berlakunya banjir Beberapa kajian telah
dijalankan bagi membina peta banjir untuk membantu dalam pembinaan projek
tebatan banjir Terdapat beberapa kaedah yang digunakan untuk membina peta banjir
antaranya dengan menggunakan lsquoInfoWorks RSrsquo dan menggunakan lsquoAutocad 3Drsquo
bersama lsquoGoogle Earthrsquo Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti
sungai-sungai yang merupakan penyumbang kepada masalah banjir Keluasan dan
perimeter kawasan banjir akan ditaksir melalui peta banjir yang dihasilkan
Menggunakan data yang diambil daripada Bahagian Urban DID Sarawak proses
pendigitalan telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta banjir ini Aplikasi GIS juga
digunakan untuk mengetahui keluasan dan perimeter kawasan banjir Analisis
menunjukkan 51636 km2 kawasan yang mengalami masalah banjir dengan perimeter
94428 km di seluruh Sarawak Pada kebiasaannya keluasan dan perimeter kawasan
yang terlibat dengan banjir adalah 550km2 dan 600km Kesimpulan daripada
penilaian yang dilakukan mendapati bahagian Samarahan dan Mukah merupakan
bahagian yang sering berdepan dengan masalah banjir Ianya berpandukan jumlah
sungai di bahagian tersebut dan juga peratusan kawasan yang dinaiki air Kajian ini
akan membantu penduduk di kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir untuk memahami
dan mendapatkan maklumat mengenai banjir Selain itu mereka juga boleh membuat
persiapan untuk menghadapi banjir
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Introduction 1
12 Problem Background 1
13 Research Problem 2
14 Research Aim and Objective 3
15 Research Scope 3
16 Significant of Research 4
17 Hypothesis 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
21 Introduction 5
22 Flood 6
viii
23 Flood Mapping 9
24 Flood Modeling 11
25 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15
26 Flood Modeling using GIS 16
27 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
31 Introduction 21
31 Area of study 21
32 Digitizing process 25
321 Digitizing process for the base map
(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26
3211 Open Base Map 27
3212 Gridlines 28
3213 Georeferencing 30
3214 Create Shape File 32
3215 Start digitizing process 34
3216 Convert Polyline to polygon 35
33 Calculating on flood area 38
331 Open attribute table 38
332 Add field 40
333 Calculate Geometry 41
34 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42
35 Conclusion 44
ix
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
41 Introduction 45
42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
421 Kuching Division 51
422 Samarahan Division 52
423 Sri Aman Division 53
424 Betong Division 54
425 Sarikei Division 55
426 Sibu Division 56
427 Kapit Division 57
428 Mukah Division 58
429 Bintulu Division 59
4210 Miri Division 60
4211 Limbang Division 61
43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
44 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
51 Conclusion 69
52 Recomendation 71
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I was really appreciated to many people that contribute towards my
understanding and thoughts in order to finish my dissertation I would like to express
my appreciation to my supervisor Dr Zulhilmi B Ismail for his guidance motivation
and encouragement Also to Dr Mohamad Hidayat B Jamal for his critics advise
and guidance
My appreciation also goes to Urban Section Of DID Sarawak for their
cooperation in order to obtain the information
My sincere appreciation to my colleague Pn Azrina Bt Zolkipli Mdm Pang
Siow Juen Mr Thiong Hua Sang and Pn Norina Bt Omar for their guidance
knowledge and assistance to finish this report Special thanks to my classmate for
their supportive motivation guaidance and friendship
Appreciation and special thank you to my lovely friends Pn Mazlin Pn
Nurazura Pn Mardiana Pn Sezee and Pn Yuhani for their motivation love
guaidance and advise
Last but not least to my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman my
lovely child Firash Fitri Firash Fikri Firash Fathi and Firash Fahmi thank you for
being such a lovely understanding and supportive along my journey Also to my
family and family in law for their support
v
ABSTRACT
Naturally Malaysia facing with flood problem all over the country This
problem will make worst loses to property and life Sarawak is one of the state in
Malaysia which facing with this problem In 19632004 and 2009 Sarawak
experience the worst flood event all over the year Hence the flood mitigation rush to
built in order to control the flood However before the flood mitigation plan is built
there are several information need to be develop in order to predict the flood area
Several research had been done in order to develop the flood hazard mapping
Certain use InfoWorks RS and other use Autocad 3D associate with Google Earth In
this study the main aim is to provide flood hazard mapping and identify the rivers
that contribute to flood The flood map was evaluated based on areas and perimeter
of the floodplain The data was collected from Urban Section of DID Sarawak The
digitizing process was used in order to complete the flood mapping process GIS
application also used to achieve other objectives The analysis show the flood prone
area in Sarawak include the river that contribute to floodpain It was 51636 km2 and
94428 km of floodplain in Sarawak Usually there were 550km2 and 600km was
cover with flood For the conclusion Samarahan and Mukah was the division that
always experience with the flood problem due to the number of river that contribute
to flood and percentage of area that covered by flood This research can help people
to understand and get informed the frequent flood area and being prepared for the
flood occurrences
vi
ABSTRAK
Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang sering berdepan dengan
masalah banjir Masalah ini membawa kepada kemusnahan harta benda dan juga
nyawa Sarawak merupakan salah satu negeri yang sering berdepan denga masalah
banjir Pada tahun 1963 2004 dan 2009 Sarawak mengalami banjir yang teruk di
dalam sejarah negeri Sarawak Bertitik tolak daripada masalah tersebut tebatan
banjir telah di bina untuk mengawal masalah ini daripada berulang Walau
bagaimanapun pembinaan tebatan banjir memerlukan beberapa informasi bagi
menjangkakan kawasan yang kerap berlakunya banjir Beberapa kajian telah
dijalankan bagi membina peta banjir untuk membantu dalam pembinaan projek
tebatan banjir Terdapat beberapa kaedah yang digunakan untuk membina peta banjir
antaranya dengan menggunakan lsquoInfoWorks RSrsquo dan menggunakan lsquoAutocad 3Drsquo
bersama lsquoGoogle Earthrsquo Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti
sungai-sungai yang merupakan penyumbang kepada masalah banjir Keluasan dan
perimeter kawasan banjir akan ditaksir melalui peta banjir yang dihasilkan
Menggunakan data yang diambil daripada Bahagian Urban DID Sarawak proses
pendigitalan telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta banjir ini Aplikasi GIS juga
digunakan untuk mengetahui keluasan dan perimeter kawasan banjir Analisis
menunjukkan 51636 km2 kawasan yang mengalami masalah banjir dengan perimeter
94428 km di seluruh Sarawak Pada kebiasaannya keluasan dan perimeter kawasan
yang terlibat dengan banjir adalah 550km2 dan 600km Kesimpulan daripada
penilaian yang dilakukan mendapati bahagian Samarahan dan Mukah merupakan
bahagian yang sering berdepan dengan masalah banjir Ianya berpandukan jumlah
sungai di bahagian tersebut dan juga peratusan kawasan yang dinaiki air Kajian ini
akan membantu penduduk di kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir untuk memahami
dan mendapatkan maklumat mengenai banjir Selain itu mereka juga boleh membuat
persiapan untuk menghadapi banjir
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Introduction 1
12 Problem Background 1
13 Research Problem 2
14 Research Aim and Objective 3
15 Research Scope 3
16 Significant of Research 4
17 Hypothesis 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
21 Introduction 5
22 Flood 6
viii
23 Flood Mapping 9
24 Flood Modeling 11
25 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15
26 Flood Modeling using GIS 16
27 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
31 Introduction 21
31 Area of study 21
32 Digitizing process 25
321 Digitizing process for the base map
(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26
3211 Open Base Map 27
3212 Gridlines 28
3213 Georeferencing 30
3214 Create Shape File 32
3215 Start digitizing process 34
3216 Convert Polyline to polygon 35
33 Calculating on flood area 38
331 Open attribute table 38
332 Add field 40
333 Calculate Geometry 41
34 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42
35 Conclusion 44
ix
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
41 Introduction 45
42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
421 Kuching Division 51
422 Samarahan Division 52
423 Sri Aman Division 53
424 Betong Division 54
425 Sarikei Division 55
426 Sibu Division 56
427 Kapit Division 57
428 Mukah Division 58
429 Bintulu Division 59
4210 Miri Division 60
4211 Limbang Division 61
43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
44 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
51 Conclusion 69
52 Recomendation 71
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
v
ABSTRACT
Naturally Malaysia facing with flood problem all over the country This
problem will make worst loses to property and life Sarawak is one of the state in
Malaysia which facing with this problem In 19632004 and 2009 Sarawak
experience the worst flood event all over the year Hence the flood mitigation rush to
built in order to control the flood However before the flood mitigation plan is built
there are several information need to be develop in order to predict the flood area
Several research had been done in order to develop the flood hazard mapping
Certain use InfoWorks RS and other use Autocad 3D associate with Google Earth In
this study the main aim is to provide flood hazard mapping and identify the rivers
that contribute to flood The flood map was evaluated based on areas and perimeter
of the floodplain The data was collected from Urban Section of DID Sarawak The
digitizing process was used in order to complete the flood mapping process GIS
application also used to achieve other objectives The analysis show the flood prone
area in Sarawak include the river that contribute to floodpain It was 51636 km2 and
94428 km of floodplain in Sarawak Usually there were 550km2 and 600km was
cover with flood For the conclusion Samarahan and Mukah was the division that
always experience with the flood problem due to the number of river that contribute
to flood and percentage of area that covered by flood This research can help people
to understand and get informed the frequent flood area and being prepared for the
flood occurrences
vi
ABSTRAK
Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang sering berdepan dengan
masalah banjir Masalah ini membawa kepada kemusnahan harta benda dan juga
nyawa Sarawak merupakan salah satu negeri yang sering berdepan denga masalah
banjir Pada tahun 1963 2004 dan 2009 Sarawak mengalami banjir yang teruk di
dalam sejarah negeri Sarawak Bertitik tolak daripada masalah tersebut tebatan
banjir telah di bina untuk mengawal masalah ini daripada berulang Walau
bagaimanapun pembinaan tebatan banjir memerlukan beberapa informasi bagi
menjangkakan kawasan yang kerap berlakunya banjir Beberapa kajian telah
dijalankan bagi membina peta banjir untuk membantu dalam pembinaan projek
tebatan banjir Terdapat beberapa kaedah yang digunakan untuk membina peta banjir
antaranya dengan menggunakan lsquoInfoWorks RSrsquo dan menggunakan lsquoAutocad 3Drsquo
bersama lsquoGoogle Earthrsquo Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti
sungai-sungai yang merupakan penyumbang kepada masalah banjir Keluasan dan
perimeter kawasan banjir akan ditaksir melalui peta banjir yang dihasilkan
Menggunakan data yang diambil daripada Bahagian Urban DID Sarawak proses
pendigitalan telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta banjir ini Aplikasi GIS juga
digunakan untuk mengetahui keluasan dan perimeter kawasan banjir Analisis
menunjukkan 51636 km2 kawasan yang mengalami masalah banjir dengan perimeter
94428 km di seluruh Sarawak Pada kebiasaannya keluasan dan perimeter kawasan
yang terlibat dengan banjir adalah 550km2 dan 600km Kesimpulan daripada
penilaian yang dilakukan mendapati bahagian Samarahan dan Mukah merupakan
bahagian yang sering berdepan dengan masalah banjir Ianya berpandukan jumlah
sungai di bahagian tersebut dan juga peratusan kawasan yang dinaiki air Kajian ini
akan membantu penduduk di kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir untuk memahami
dan mendapatkan maklumat mengenai banjir Selain itu mereka juga boleh membuat
persiapan untuk menghadapi banjir
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Introduction 1
12 Problem Background 1
13 Research Problem 2
14 Research Aim and Objective 3
15 Research Scope 3
16 Significant of Research 4
17 Hypothesis 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
21 Introduction 5
22 Flood 6
viii
23 Flood Mapping 9
24 Flood Modeling 11
25 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15
26 Flood Modeling using GIS 16
27 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
31 Introduction 21
31 Area of study 21
32 Digitizing process 25
321 Digitizing process for the base map
(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26
3211 Open Base Map 27
3212 Gridlines 28
3213 Georeferencing 30
3214 Create Shape File 32
3215 Start digitizing process 34
3216 Convert Polyline to polygon 35
33 Calculating on flood area 38
331 Open attribute table 38
332 Add field 40
333 Calculate Geometry 41
34 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42
35 Conclusion 44
ix
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
41 Introduction 45
42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
421 Kuching Division 51
422 Samarahan Division 52
423 Sri Aman Division 53
424 Betong Division 54
425 Sarikei Division 55
426 Sibu Division 56
427 Kapit Division 57
428 Mukah Division 58
429 Bintulu Division 59
4210 Miri Division 60
4211 Limbang Division 61
43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
44 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
51 Conclusion 69
52 Recomendation 71
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
vi
ABSTRAK
Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang sering berdepan dengan
masalah banjir Masalah ini membawa kepada kemusnahan harta benda dan juga
nyawa Sarawak merupakan salah satu negeri yang sering berdepan denga masalah
banjir Pada tahun 1963 2004 dan 2009 Sarawak mengalami banjir yang teruk di
dalam sejarah negeri Sarawak Bertitik tolak daripada masalah tersebut tebatan
banjir telah di bina untuk mengawal masalah ini daripada berulang Walau
bagaimanapun pembinaan tebatan banjir memerlukan beberapa informasi bagi
menjangkakan kawasan yang kerap berlakunya banjir Beberapa kajian telah
dijalankan bagi membina peta banjir untuk membantu dalam pembinaan projek
tebatan banjir Terdapat beberapa kaedah yang digunakan untuk membina peta banjir
antaranya dengan menggunakan lsquoInfoWorks RSrsquo dan menggunakan lsquoAutocad 3Drsquo
bersama lsquoGoogle Earthrsquo Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti
sungai-sungai yang merupakan penyumbang kepada masalah banjir Keluasan dan
perimeter kawasan banjir akan ditaksir melalui peta banjir yang dihasilkan
Menggunakan data yang diambil daripada Bahagian Urban DID Sarawak proses
pendigitalan telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta banjir ini Aplikasi GIS juga
digunakan untuk mengetahui keluasan dan perimeter kawasan banjir Analisis
menunjukkan 51636 km2 kawasan yang mengalami masalah banjir dengan perimeter
94428 km di seluruh Sarawak Pada kebiasaannya keluasan dan perimeter kawasan
yang terlibat dengan banjir adalah 550km2 dan 600km Kesimpulan daripada
penilaian yang dilakukan mendapati bahagian Samarahan dan Mukah merupakan
bahagian yang sering berdepan dengan masalah banjir Ianya berpandukan jumlah
sungai di bahagian tersebut dan juga peratusan kawasan yang dinaiki air Kajian ini
akan membantu penduduk di kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir untuk memahami
dan mendapatkan maklumat mengenai banjir Selain itu mereka juga boleh membuat
persiapan untuk menghadapi banjir
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Introduction 1
12 Problem Background 1
13 Research Problem 2
14 Research Aim and Objective 3
15 Research Scope 3
16 Significant of Research 4
17 Hypothesis 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
21 Introduction 5
22 Flood 6
viii
23 Flood Mapping 9
24 Flood Modeling 11
25 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15
26 Flood Modeling using GIS 16
27 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
31 Introduction 21
31 Area of study 21
32 Digitizing process 25
321 Digitizing process for the base map
(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26
3211 Open Base Map 27
3212 Gridlines 28
3213 Georeferencing 30
3214 Create Shape File 32
3215 Start digitizing process 34
3216 Convert Polyline to polygon 35
33 Calculating on flood area 38
331 Open attribute table 38
332 Add field 40
333 Calculate Geometry 41
34 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42
35 Conclusion 44
ix
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
41 Introduction 45
42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
421 Kuching Division 51
422 Samarahan Division 52
423 Sri Aman Division 53
424 Betong Division 54
425 Sarikei Division 55
426 Sibu Division 56
427 Kapit Division 57
428 Mukah Division 58
429 Bintulu Division 59
4210 Miri Division 60
4211 Limbang Division 61
43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
44 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
51 Conclusion 69
52 Recomendation 71
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Introduction 1
12 Problem Background 1
13 Research Problem 2
14 Research Aim and Objective 3
15 Research Scope 3
16 Significant of Research 4
17 Hypothesis 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
21 Introduction 5
22 Flood 6
viii
23 Flood Mapping 9
24 Flood Modeling 11
25 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15
26 Flood Modeling using GIS 16
27 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
31 Introduction 21
31 Area of study 21
32 Digitizing process 25
321 Digitizing process for the base map
(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26
3211 Open Base Map 27
3212 Gridlines 28
3213 Georeferencing 30
3214 Create Shape File 32
3215 Start digitizing process 34
3216 Convert Polyline to polygon 35
33 Calculating on flood area 38
331 Open attribute table 38
332 Add field 40
333 Calculate Geometry 41
34 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42
35 Conclusion 44
ix
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
41 Introduction 45
42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
421 Kuching Division 51
422 Samarahan Division 52
423 Sri Aman Division 53
424 Betong Division 54
425 Sarikei Division 55
426 Sibu Division 56
427 Kapit Division 57
428 Mukah Division 58
429 Bintulu Division 59
4210 Miri Division 60
4211 Limbang Division 61
43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
44 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
51 Conclusion 69
52 Recomendation 71
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
viii
23 Flood Mapping 9
24 Flood Modeling 11
25 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15
26 Flood Modeling using GIS 16
27 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
31 Introduction 21
31 Area of study 21
32 Digitizing process 25
321 Digitizing process for the base map
(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26
3211 Open Base Map 27
3212 Gridlines 28
3213 Georeferencing 30
3214 Create Shape File 32
3215 Start digitizing process 34
3216 Convert Polyline to polygon 35
33 Calculating on flood area 38
331 Open attribute table 38
332 Add field 40
333 Calculate Geometry 41
34 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42
35 Conclusion 44
ix
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
41 Introduction 45
42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
421 Kuching Division 51
422 Samarahan Division 52
423 Sri Aman Division 53
424 Betong Division 54
425 Sarikei Division 55
426 Sibu Division 56
427 Kapit Division 57
428 Mukah Division 58
429 Bintulu Division 59
4210 Miri Division 60
4211 Limbang Division 61
43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
44 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
51 Conclusion 69
52 Recomendation 71
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
ix
4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
41 Introduction 45
42 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
42 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
421 Kuching Division 51
422 Samarahan Division 52
423 Sri Aman Division 53
424 Betong Division 54
425 Sarikei Division 55
426 Sibu Division 56
427 Kapit Division 57
428 Mukah Division 58
429 Bintulu Division 59
4210 Miri Division 60
4211 Limbang Division 61
43 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
44 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
51 Conclusion 69
52 Recomendation 71
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
x
REFERENCES 73
Appendices A
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
xii
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
21 List of critical information in the catchment 17
31 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23
32 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30
41 List of river for each division 46
42 Table of area perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
43 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
51 Samarahan and Mukah data 71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
xiii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
21 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
22 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
23 Flood at Kg Gita Laut 8
24 Flood at Siniawan Kuching 8
25 Flood Inundation map 10
26 Flood Hazard map 10
27 Flood Risk map 11
28 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
29 Flood mapping area by Hii2009 12
210 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah2011
And Kuok 2013 13
211 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii2009
And Kuok 2013 14
212 Climate Change using GIS 16
213 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18
214 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19
215 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
31 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
32 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
33 Step in digitizing process 26
34 ArcGis9 27
35 New Map 27
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
xiv
36 Base Map 28
37 Create New Shapefile box 29
38 Editing Base Map 29
39 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29
310 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30
311 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
312 Save Georeferencing 31
313 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
314 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33
315 Editing the coordinate system 33
316 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo metersprj 34
317 Data of shape file 34
318 Complete digitizing process 35
319 To change polyline to polygon 35
320 insert data into feature class 36
321 Division Map 36
322 River Map 37
323 Flood Map 37
324 Calculating on flood area 38
325 Open attribute table 39
326 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
327 add file to attribute table 40
328 Table for Area are created 40
329 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
330 Area for flood in km2 41
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
xv
331 Perimeters for flood area in km 42
332 Step in calculate the statistic 42
333 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43
334 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
41 Sarawak flood prone area 47
42 Flood prone area for Kuching Samarahan Betong
and Sri Aman 48
43 Flood prone area for Sarikei Sibu and Mukah 49
44 Flood prone area for Bintulu Kapit Miri and Limbang 50
45 Kuching Division 51
46 Samarahan Division 52
47 Sri Aman Division 53
48 Betong Division 54
49 Sarikei Division 55
410 Sibu Division 56
411 Kapit Division 57
412 Mukah Division 58
413 Bintulu Division 59
414 Miri Division 60
415 Limbang Division 61
416 Histogram of frequency area 64
417 Area of frequent flood 65
418 Histogram of frequency area 66
419 Area of frequent flood 67
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department
GIS - Geographic Information System
ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval
km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
- Percentage
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction research problem research aim and
objectives research scope significant of research and hypothesis
11 Introduction
Some said ldquo Flood is too much water in the lsquowrong placersquo rdquo The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world Flood also the
most frequent hazard in Malaysia Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in
cities Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014 there are is over 30000km2
flooded area and 9 of the total area in Malaysia Also 48 million (20) people
affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina2014) Flood can cause by many reason In
Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human
activities Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides Therefore the
human activities related to change in land used rapid uncontrolled development
effect of urbanization inadequate drainage facilities obstruction in rivers and solid
waste debris (Keizrul2004)
12 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the
world Also as the largest of Malaysiarsquos thirteen states Sarawak also known as a
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
2
state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin In each basin boundary
there are several main river There are 22 major river basin all over the state In each major
river basin boundary there are plenty of main river These rivers plays many roles to the
environment and the main source for water supply In other hand the rivers also as one of
the main source for the flood problem
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or
during North East Monsoon in November to Februari The worst flood event was in 1963
2004 and 2009 But in previously 10 years Sarawak experience almost flooded event every
year whether it is worse or normal flood Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the
natural phenomenon and human activities
Due to natural phenomenon Sarawak which is located immediately north of the
equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly The North East Monsoon which usually
occurs between November to February brings with it heavy rainstorms The annual average
rainfall is above 3000 millimeters During these rainstorms flooding in the low-lying areas
and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common Some
said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River but due to DID
Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock
13 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawakrsquos history beginning in the
year 1963 Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013 Even
though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak but the flood
matter still not conquer Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in
Sarawak
In order to evaluate the floodplain the flood prone map was develop by DID to
shows the area that affected by flood But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting
based on the previous flood data (Jones2004) This flood prone area was used to develop an
early warning of the flood occurrence According to DID Sarawak (DID2014) the flood
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
3
prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping
whenever there is a flood event
14 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this
study It also related to the problem statement above Hence the objectives of this study are
i To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to
flood
ii To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter
15 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia Consist of
eleventh (11) division Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia There were thirty
five (35) gazette river all over division These river was the main contributed of flood
occurrences
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to
produced floodplain area The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into
digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the
floodplain from the flood map The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated
and appear in histogram chart
16 Significant of Research
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
4
The benefits and expectation from this study are
i The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and
concern bodies
ii These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on
facing flood problem
iii The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on
how far the flood can reach
17 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that
recorded by DID Sarawak But the flood data only show the water level at several areas So
the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2) Also it will
gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km) The
frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment
areas and perimeter that affected by flood
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
Jones JL (2004) Mapping a flood hellipbefore it happens US Geological Survey Fact
Sheet 2004-3060 Retrieve on October 20 2014 from
URLhttppubsusgsgocfs20043060pdffs20043060pdf
Khatami S and Khazaei B(2014)Benefits of GIS Application In Hydrological
ModellingA Brief summaryJournal of Water Management and Research
7041-49
Klienfeldt S Deckmyn J Paniconi C and Cosyn B(1996)GIS and scientific
visualization for hydrological simulation HydroGISApplication of
Geographic Information Syatem in Hydrology and Water Resources
Management IAHS Publ no235
KuluJK Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2007)Post-Flood
Forensic Analysis of Sungai Maong Using Infoworks River Simulation (RS)
The Instituition of Engineers Malaysia(Vol 68 No 4)
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
Malaysia Master thesis Department of Building and Environmental
Technology Lund University
73
REFFERENCES
Abdullah K (2004) Floods in Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
Bedient PB and Huber WC(2002Hydrology and floodplain AnalysisThird Edition
United States Prentice Hall
Che Omar BZ (2014) Flood Hazard Maps An Update Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran Malaysia
Darrien MYS Putuhena FJ and Salim Said (2009) Use of Infoworks River
Simulation(RS) In Sungai Sarawak Kanan Modeling The Institution of
Engineers Malaysia Vol 68 No 1
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Urban Section Department
Retrieve on October 24 2014 from httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Department Of Irrigation And Drainage Sarawak (2014) Historical flood event
recorded in Sarawak from 1946 to 2013 Retrieve on October 24 2014 from
httpwwwdidsarawakgovmy
Esri(2012) What is GIS Retrieve on 25 October 2014 from
URLhttpwwwesricom
Hassan AJ Ghani AAand Abdullah R(2006)Development of Flood Risk Map
Using GIS For Sg Selangor Basin Retrieve on 18 August 2014 from
URLhttpredacengusmmyhtmlpublish2006_11pdf
Hassan AJ (2004)Analysis Floods on Kerian River Malaysia Proceeding of
Wallingford Software User Conference Howbery Park Wallingford UK
Hii CP Putuhena FJ and Salim Said(2009) Adaptive Logical Framework For
Integrated Flood Management Along Sarawak River Int J Hydro-Clim
Eng - 2009
Ibrahim N Wibowo A(2012)Predictions of Water Level in Dungun River
Terengganu Using Partial Least Squares Regression International Journal of
Basic amp Applied Science IJBAS-IJENS Vol12 No02
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Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
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Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
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McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
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Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
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Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
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Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
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Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
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Technology Lund University
74
Kuok KK HarunS and Chiu PC(2011)A Reviewof Integrated River Basin
Management of Sarawak RiverAmerican Journal of Environment Science 7
(3)276-285
KuokKK LiewZZ and ChiuP (2013) Flood map development by using
coupling satellite maps and three-dimentional drafting software Case study
of the Sarawak River Basin Water SA Manuscript Volume 39 No 1
January 2013
Kuching Meteorological Office Report on Heavy Rain Occurrence that cause flood
in Bau Kuching Sarawak on 10-11 January 2011 2011
Lim YHand Lye LM (2003)Regional flood estimation for unguage basin in
SarawakMalaysiaHydrological Science 48(1)
Loi HK(1996)Flood Mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia
International Workshop of Flood plain Risk Management Hiroshima 11-13
Nov
McKinney DC and Cai X(2002) Linking GIS and Water Resources Management
Model An Object-Oriented Method Environment Modeling and Software
17413-4252002
Mohd SM Alias Band Daud D(2006) GIS Analysis for flood Hazard Mapping
Case Study Segamat Seminar Nasional GIS 2006
Ngau AJ(2005)Hydrologic Modelling with HEC-HMS Sungai Sarawak Kiri Basin
Thesis BEng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2005
Prakash A(2011)Geographical Information System-An OverviewRetrieve on 27
October 2014 from URLhttpwwwcsutahedu
Putuhena FJ Darrien MYS and Lai SH(2006)Floodplain Mapping and
visualization for Flood Risk Assessment And Decision Support In Sarawak
Kanan River J ENVIRONMENTAL System vol32(3)203-221
Bustami R Bong C Darrien M Afnie Hamzah and Patrick M(2009)
Modeling of Flood Mitigation Structures for Sarawak River Sub-basin Using
InfoWorks River Simulation (RS) World Academy of Science Engineering
and Technology Vol3 2009-06-24
Bustami R Bong C Hamsah NAF and Adam JH(2011) Flood Mapping
for Sarawak River sub-basin Proc ASEAN Australian Engineering Congress
(AAEC2011) 25ndash27 July 2011 Kuching Sarawak 2011
State Planning UnitSarawak Facts and figures 2010 State Planning Unit Chief
Minister‟s Department of Sarawak 2010
Throckmorton A(2003)Geographic Information System Retrieve on 25 October
2014 from URLhttpwwwwestminsteredu
Tekolla AW(2010)Rainfall and Flood Frequency Analysis for Pahang River Basin
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Technology Lund University
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