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BY BERNARD COMRIE JARED DIAMOND DOUG WHALEN
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© . 0072MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® MICROSOFT CORPORATION2006 – 1993@ @
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JSign Language ،communication system using gestures that are interpreted visually. Many people in deaf communities around the world use sign languages as their primary means of communication. These communities include both deaf and hearing people who converse in sign language. But for many deaf people ،sign language serves as their primary ،or native ،language ،creating a strong sense of social and cultural identity. *** International Morse Code ،system of signals employed in
radiotelegraphy in the land-telegraph systems of all countries except the United States and Canada ،and by all countries in flash lamp communications in marine navigation (see Telegraph). The system is an adaptation of Morse code ،the original telegraphic alphabet that American inventor Samuel F. B. Morse devised with help from other contemporary scientists. The United States and Canada did not adopt the International Morse Code for sending telegraphy messages when other countries did in the 1850s; instead ،the United States and Canada continued to use the original Morse code. International Morse Code consists of combinations of dots and dashes representing the letters of the alphabet and numerals ،as shown in the accompanying table. The duration of one dash equals that of three dots. Today ،International Morse Code is no longer used commercially or by the military ،because radiotelegraphy has been replaced by digital communications via satellite.
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About the authors: Doug H. Whalen is senior researcher at Haskins Laboratories in New
Haven@LConnecticut@Land the founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund. K. David Harrison is a linguist at Yale University who studies indigenous languages of Siberia. @
For further readingZ@
Fase@LWillem; Koen Jaspaert; and Sjaak Kroon@Leds. The State of Minority Languages: International Perspectives on Survival and Decline. Swets & Zeitlinger1995. @
Fishman@LJoshua A. Reversing Language Shift. Multilingual Matters1991. @
Grenoble@LLenore A. @Land Lindsay J. Whaley. Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response. Cambridge University Press1998. @
Hinton@LLeanne. Flutes of Fire: The Indian Languages of California. Heydey Books1994. @
Ostler@LRosemarie. "Disappearing Languages. " The Futurist@L1@
August 1999. @
Source: Encarta Yearbook@LFebruary 2000. @
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993M2006@Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. @
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