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BA 4216Cross-cultural Studiesin Organizations
Communication
Instructor: Çağrı Topal1
DefinitionsSharing perceptual fieldsAttributing meaning to behavior or
residue of behaviorA two-way process of information
exchangeA contextual negotiation of
meaning
2
DefinitionCommunication is a two-way
process in which the persons involved in the communication process try to achieve a shared meaning by exchanging information and attributing meaning to their behaviors within a context
Intentional or unintentional
3
Basic componentsSourceEncodingMessageChannelReceiverDecodingFeedback
4
Characteristics of communication-1There is no direct mind-to mind
communicationWe can only inferCommunication is a dynamic
processWe seek to define the worldCommunication is interactiveCommunication is inevitableTime binding links us together
5
Characteristics of communication-2Communication is symbolicCommunication doesn’t necessarily
mean understandingCommunication has a consequenceCommunication is self-reflectiveCommunication occurs in a contextWe are alike and we are different
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Cross-cultural (mis)communicationSending a message to a person
from another cultureFailure to receive the message of a
person from another culture
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Major obstacles to intercultural communicationMode of thinking and reasoningStereotypingLanguagePerceptionReligionEthnocentrism
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Communication inhigh-context cultures Highly contextualReliance on nonverbal cuesDeliberation in business negotiationPersonal relationshipSlow and difficult changeLess personal space and more
touchingMore collectivistJapanese language and culture
9
Communication inlow-context culturesHighly abstractLess reliance on nonverbal cuesSpeed in business negotiationContractual relationshipFast and desirable changeLarge personal spaceMore individualisticEnglish language and culture
10
Nonverbal communicationThe process of exchanging
nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the source and his or her use of the environment that have potential message value for both the source and the receiver
Intentional or unintentionalAttempt to achieve shared meaning
11
Nonverbal vs. verbal communication-1Both based on a culturally agreed
set of symbolsIn both, attachment of meaning to
the symbolsNonverbal governed biologically
whereas verbal messages deliberately
Nonverbal learned much earlierNonverbal more emotional in its
appeal and impact
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Nonverbal vs. verbal communication-2Nonverbal more universalNonverbal simultaneously from a
multiple of channels while verbal through a single channel
Nonverbal continuous and a never-ending process
Absence of message in nonverbal communication as a message
Nonverbal messages more confusing
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Categories-1TimeSpaceMaterial possessionsSilenceKinesicsFacial expressionPostureGestures
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Categories-2Eye contactTouchDressParalanguageSmell
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What to doAssume difference until similarity
provenDescribe not evaluateLearn and use cultural assumptionsTreat intepretations as a guess not
fact
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