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back into the linguistic system…
phonetics
phonology
lexicon + morphology
FORM FUNCTIONm o d e l s
Phones, Phonemes, Language
/l/
[p] [pH]
English
/p/
phonology phonetics
[l] […]
/r/[®] Ø
/l/
[p] [pH]/p/
phonology phonetics
[l] […]
/r/[®] Ø
FORMFUNCTIONm o d e l s
Another model
“On Mondays we study linguistics”
• Processes• Participants• Circumstances
Another model
“On Mondays we study linguistics”
• Processes• Participants• Circumstances
Another model
“On Mondays we study linguistics”
• Processes• Participants• Circumstances
Another model
“On Mondays we study linguistics”
• Processes• Participants• Circumstances
Functional structure: clauses
ProcessParticipants
Circumstances
FUNCTION
Functional structure: clauses
ProcessParticipants
Circumstances
verbal group
prepositional phrasesadverbial groups
nominal groups
consist of
FUNCTION FORM
The Rank Scale
• clauses• groups and phrases
– nominal groups– verbal groups– adjectival groups– adverbial groups– prepositional phrases
• words• morphemes
are made up of
Names of parts: Rank Units
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands
in the garden
the garden
clause
his handswiped
-edwipe he hand -s
A small gnome
in
group
group
group
group
group
word
word
word wordword word
morphemes
Rank Units: down to groups
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands
in the garden
the garden
clause
in
nominal group
prepositional phrase
verbal group
nominalgroup
nominal grouppreposition
The Rank Scale
• clauses• groups and phrases
– nominal groups– verbal groups– adjectival groups– adverbial groups– prepositional phrases
• words• morphemes
are made up of
The Rank Scale
• clauses• groups and phrases
– nominal groups– verbal groups– adjectival groups– adverbial groups– prepositional phrases
• words• morphemes
are made up of
[b t] “bat”
[ p Qt ][ k Qt ]
b
[ b E t ][ b It ]
Q[ b Qp ]
[ b Qd ]
t
Phones / Phonetics
/b t/
pk p
dEI
b Q t
Phonemes / Phonology: contrastive units
• phonemes are the minimal units of phonology
• changing a phoneme means that you change the word!
When does a word ‘change’?
sailingnailingmailing
sailednailedmailed
sailnailmail
When does a word ‘change’?
sailingnailingmailing
sailednailedmailed
sailnailmail
Representing Word Structure
sail ing
?
Word
?
Representing Word Structure
sail ing
Word
Word
?
Representing Word Structure
sail ing
Word
Word
AFFIX
Inflectional Affixes
sail ing
Word
Word
AFFIX
Inflectional Affixes
sail ing
V
V
AFFIX
Derivational Affixes
sail er
V
N
AFFIX
Word Structure
-sspeak -er
DERIVATIONALAFFIX
INFLECTIONALAFFIXV
N
N
root or base
[ ][ ]
Morphological Processes:
Word Formation
speak -er
DERIVATIONALAFFIXV
N
[ ]
-sspeaker
INFLECTIONALAFFIXN
N
[ ]
Morphological Processes:
Inflectional Processes
Morphemes
FREE BOUND
Morphemes
FREE BOUND
DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL
un-, mini-, -ion, -ment -s, -ing, -est
Morphemes
FREE BOUND
DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONALOPEN CLOSED
student, new, quick the, of, every, from
English Derivational Suffixes
quiet-ly, slow-lyA → Adv-ly
stupid-ity, prior-ityA → N-ityassert-ive, impress-iveV → A-ive
the sleep-ing giantV → A-ingthe shoot-ingV → N-ing
teach-er, work-erV → N-er
realiz-ation, assert-ionV → N-(at)ion
fix-able, do-ableV → A-able
English Derivational Prefixes
un-tie, un-lockV → Vun-
un-happy, un-fairA → Aun-mis-identify, mis-classifyV → Vmis-
in-complete, in-competentA → Ain-ex-president, ex-wifeN → Nex-
dis-continue, dis-obeyV → Vdis-
de-activate, de-lexicaliseV → Vde-
anti-hero, anti-pollutionN → Nanti-
English Inflectional Suffixes
the longest onesuperlative –estadjectives
the longer onecomparative –eradjectivesthey have calledpast participle –edverbs
walkedpast tense –edverbs
runningprogressive form -ing
verbs
she writes well3rd pers sing -sverbs
the teacher’s textpossessive –’snouns
the textsplural -snouns
More complex example
pre-activation• which morphemes?• what kinds of morphemes are they?• how are they related?• how do they change the word categories?
Bound morphemes: Affixes
• Suffixes• Prefixes• Infixes• Circumfixes
• Internal changes e.g., Umlaut
Other word building processes• Suppletion
– replacement of a morpheme by an alternative phonologically unrelated form
– go vs. went
• Reduplication• Compounding
– street light [N + N]– bluebird [Adj + N]– swear word [V + N]– overload [Prep + N]
Compounding
dog food box
Compounding
N
dog food box
N
N
N
N
Compounding
baseball bat rack
Compounding
N
N
N
base ball bat rack
N
N
N
N
Endocentric vs. Exocentric Compounds
• dog food ⇒ a type of food• cave man ⇒ a type of man
• bluebottle ⇒ not a type of bottle!• Walkman ⇒ not a type of man!• sabre tooth ⇒ not a type of tooth!
endocentric
exocentric
Endocentric vs. Exocentric Compounds
• dog food ⇒ dog foods• cave man ⇒ cave men
• bluebottle ⇒ bluebottles• Walkman ⇒ Walkmans• sabre tooth ⇒ sabre tooths
endocentric
exocentric
A closer look at the relation between phonology and morphology
plural morpheme: inflectional suffix: -s
[b t]bat + -s ⇒ bats [b ts]
A closer look at the relation between phonology and morphology
plural morpheme
[b ]bed + -s ⇒ beds [b ]
A closer look at the relation between phonology and morphology
plural morpheme
[mIs]miss + -s ⇒ misses [mIsI ]
plural → [-s] / voiceless nonsibilant consonant # _
[-z] / vowel or voiced non-sibilant consonant # _
[-Iz] / sibilant consonant # _
Morphemes and Allomorphsmorphophonological rules
Morphemes and Allomorphsmorphophonological rules
Different languages have different sets of rules for expressing their morphemes: these can lead to very different, but
usually systematic, changes in the phonology
Homework / Tutorial Work
• Make sure you can analyse any English word into its component morphemes
• Make sure you can find the right (or at least appropriate) ‘trees’ in N-N compounds
• Do the exercises for the chapter in the reading!
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