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BACTERIA
KEY CONCEPTS
1. LIVING UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
2. PROKARYOTIC = NO NUCLEUS
CONSISTS OF 2 KINGDOMS: EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA
EubacteriaLarger kingdom
(more members)CommonLive everywhereHave
peptidoglycan in cell walls
3. ArchaebacteriaSmaller kingdomLive in extreme
environments:ThermophilesHalophilesMethanogens
May be ancestors of eukaryotes (DNA is similar)
Lack peptidoglycan
3 KINDS OF ARCHAEBACTERIA
HALOPHILES (SALTY WATER)
THERMOPHILES (HOT)
METHANOGENS (COW INTESTINES, produce methane)
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
What shape they are.What type of cell wall they
have.Their movement
characteristics.Their specific mode of
nutrition.The way they get energy
(ATP) from food.
3 SHAPES OF BACTERIA
COCCI
BACILLI
SPIRILLA
4. Bacillus (Bacilli)
4. Coccus (Cocci)
4. Spirillum (Spirilla)
Prefixes
4. Diplo = 2
Strepto = chain
Staphylo = clumps
Cell Wall Type: Gram stainingUsed to find out which type of
cell wall a eubacterium has.Gram + has a thick
peptidoglycan cell wall. (purple)5. Gram – had a thinner cell
wall with an outer lipid layer. (pink/red) Can be antibiotic resistant
Types of Movement
6. Flagella: tail used for movement
Cilia: short hairlike projections
Pili: used for cell-to-cell contact
Some glide, wiggle, slide.Some do not move at all.
Types of Nutrition
Autotrophic: makes own food7. Chemoautotroph: uses chemicals
Photoautotroph: uses sunlightHeterotrophic: consumes food
(most)Chemoheterotroph-takes in organic molecules
Photoheterotroph (are photosynthetic and take in compounds)
Releasing energy from food:8. Obligate aerobe: require
oxygenObligate anaerobe: must live in
the absence of oxygen (ex: Clostridium botulinum-in canned food)
9. Facultative anaerobe: can survive with or without oxygen (E. coli-lives anaerobically in lg. intestine, but aerobically in sewage or contaminated water)
REPRODUCTION (p. 475)
10. Binary fission: asexual, splits in two
11. Conjugation: sexual, exchange genetic info through a hollow bridge that forms between two bacterial cells
12. Spore formation: when conditions unfavorable, spore forms around DNA to protect it (endospore)
BENEFICIAL BACTERIA13. MOST BACTERIA ARE HELPFUL
(like in our intestines!)14. DECOMPOSERS, recycle
nutrientsBIOREMEDIATION: DIGEST
HARMFUL CHEMICALS, like oilNITROGEN FIXATION: IN LEGUMES
(SUCH AS SOYBEANS)FOOD: YOGURT, CHEESE, PICKLES,
SOUR CREAM, BUTTERMILK, ETC.
15. BACTERIA AND ILLNESSES
ANTHRAXTETANUSTooth decayStrep throatCHOLERA: SPREADS BY
CONTAMINATED WATERStaph infectionBUBONIC PLAGUE: DISEASE
CARRIED BY RODENTS TO HUMANS
Food poisoning……
SalmonellaE. coliBotulism
PathogensBacteria can cause disease in
two ways:16. Produce toxinsDamage cells
Control—prevent bacterial growth
17. Sterilization: heat, disinfectants
Food processing: boiling, canning, salting, refrigeration (doesn’t kill, just slows down)
Antibiotic: medicine that kills bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance
Many bacteria have evolved resistance to antibiotics, so we are constantly having to change antibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance article link18. Describe what it means…
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