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Basic Human NeedsSafety and Protective Environment
Body Defense Mechanisms: Inflammation, Immunity and the Stress
Response
IMMUNITY
• Purpose of inflammation and immunity• Neutralize, eliminate or destroy organisms that invade internal environment
• Healthy self cells are distinguished from non-self cells by immune system cells
SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS
• Body can only defend against an invader if it is able to distinguish between its own cells (self) and those of an invader (non-self)
• Each cell in the body carries on its surface the same distinct marker for selfness
SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS
• Tissue introduced into a person (i.e. transplant) will be recognized as non-self
• Key feature of the immune system is its ability to recognize self against non-self cells (Self-tolerance). If this does not occur can lead to autoimmune disorders where the immune system attacks self cells
HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS
Universal Product Code—proteins found on the surface of all body cells of an individual
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) are proteins responsible for each individual’s universal product code. Their function is to transport antigens from within the cell to the cell surface
HLAs
• Immune System uses the HLAs to differentiate between self and non-self cells. Any cells displaying that person’s HLA type belongs to that person (and is not an invader)
• HLAs is dependent on which genes are inherited by parents
• Self -Tolerance—Ability to recognize self vs. non-self cells. Necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed along with invaders
• Antigen (antibody generation) is a specific foreign protein that prompts the generation of antibodies. Antigens specify tissue type of person
FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNE SYSTEM
FUNCTION
• Nutritional Status• Environmental Conditions• Therapeutic Agents• Presence of Disease• Age• Genetics• Certain viruses
Organization of the Immune System
• Stem Cells• Maturation
• Leukocytes (refer to Ignatavicius Table 19-1, pg. 309)• Actions
• Recognize self vs. non-self• Phagocytic destruction• Production of cytokines• Production of antibodies• Production of cytokines
THE THREE PROCESSES OF HUMAN PROTECTION THROUGH IMMUNITY
• INFLAMMATION
• ANTIBODY- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
INFLAMMATION
Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals to provide immediate protection from infection and foreign substances
Nonspecific immune response
Can rid body of harmful organisms
Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation
INFLAMMATION
WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION?
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION?
TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION
• NEUTROPHILS• SEGS, BANDS AND LEFT SHIFT
• MACROPHAGES
• EOSINOPHILS
• BASOPHILS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
• Key process of inflammation
• Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such as bacteria and cell debris and removing them
• Rids the body of debris after tissue injury
• Neutrophils and macrophages
PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS
• EXPOSURE AND INVASION• ATTRACTION• ADHERENCE• RECOGNITION• CELLULAR INGESTION• PHAGOSOME FORMATION• DEGRADATION
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE
• Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel)• Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction • Phase II hyperemia, edema
• Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating neutrophils, formation of pus
• Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Antibody—a protein (gammaglobulin) that forms to defend the body from a specific antigen (foreign substance), such as chemical agents, virus particles, and bacterial toxins
All antibodies are gammaglobulins (also called immunoglobulins)Globulin is a protein in a globular shapeGlobular proteins provide immunityResulting term is immumoglobulin
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• Antigen-Antibody Reactions
• Destroy, eliminate, neutralize foreign proteins
• Long lasting immune reaction
• Entire immune system must function adequately for optimal AMI
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
CELLS INVOLVED IN AMI B-cells Macrophages T-Lymphocytes
B-CellsStart as stem cells from bone marrowProduce antibodies to specific foreign proteinDevelop in lymphocytic tissueProduce antibodies
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
EXPOSUREANTIGEN RECOGNITIONLYMPHOCYTIC SENSITIVATIONANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND RELEASEANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDINGANTIBODY BINDING ACTIONSSUSTAINED IMMUNITY: MEMORY
ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• Nature Active Immunity
• Artificial Active Immunity
• Passive Immunity
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• Provided by mature lymphocyte stem cells• Helps protect the body by differentiating self from
non-self cells. Cells most easily recognized by CMI are cancer cells and those cells inflicted by organisms that live in the host cell
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
• Helper-Inducer T- Cells
• Suppressor T-cells
• Cytotoxic/Cytolytic T-Cells
• Natural Killer Cells
CYTOKINES
• Small, secreted proteins which regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis
• Act by binding to specific membrane receptors, which then signal the cell to alter its behavior, causing a change in function of the target cell.
• Many different types of cells can produce the same cytokine, and a single cytokine may act on a variety of target cells
Scientific Knowledge Base
• Fight or flight response to a stressor• Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system• Medulla Oblongata• Reticular Formation• Pituitary Gland
Response to Stress
• Physiological Responses- LAS, GAS• Local Adaptation Syndrome-1.) Reflex Pain
Response 2.)Inflammatory Response• General Adaptation Response- 1.)Alarm Reaction
(Flight or Fight) 2.) Resistance Stage 3.) Exhaustion Phase
Understanding Stress Response
• Psychological response- Coping Mechanism, Ego-Defense Mechanism
• Situational Factors• Developmental/Maturational Factors• Intellectual Factors• Emotional, Behavioral Issues• Family Factors• Lifestyle Factors• Sociocultural, Spiritual Factors
Assessing Stress
• Physiological Indicators• Stress Situations• Psychological Indicators• Developmental Indicators• Emotional Behavioral Indicators• Intellectual Indicators• Family Indicators
Implementation• Stress Management• Time Management• Medications• Alternative Therapies• Regular Exercise• Good Nutrition and Diet• Rest• Support Systems• Crisis Intervention
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