View
216
Download
0
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Types of Reinforcers O Positive reinforcers: O Desired behavior a reward= causes an increase in future performance of desired behavior O Negative reinforcers O Negative stimulus desired behavior removal of stimulus= increase in future performance of desired behavior
Citation preview
Behavioral Theory
Part 2
Reinforcers and Punishers
O A reinforcer INCREASES behavior
O A punisher DECREASES behavior
Types of ReinforcersO Positive reinforcers:
O Desired behavior a reward= causes an increase in future performance of desired behavior
O Negative reinforcersO Negative stimulus desired
behavior removal of stimulus= increase in future performance of desired behavior
ExtinctionO The weakening and eventual
elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn.
O Rarely a smooth processO Typically a burst, then gradual
decreaseO Locked door example
Let’s Practice Positive and Negative Reinforcement
O The beeping in your car to buckle your seat belt
O Giving students praise after they clear their desks and wait quietly for directions
O Chance to get out of time-out for good behavior
ReinforcementO The Premack Principle is when a
preferred activity is a reinforcer for a less-preferred activityO Often referred to as “Grandma’s
Rule”O “If you eat your broccoli then you
can have ice cream”O If-----Then
Reinforcers for the Classroom
O PraiseO AttentionO Grades and recognitionO Call homeO Home-based reinforcementO PrivilegesO Activity reinforcers (earn free time or recess)O Tangible reinforcers (tickets, points, or stickers)O FoodO Best way to determine possible reinforcers for your
students is to observe what students choose to do in their free time
Schedules of Reinforcement
O Ratio refers to number of times behavior occurs
O Interval refers to period of time
Schedules of Reinforcement
O Fixed Ratio- a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of behaviors (ex- “As soon as you finish 10 problems, you can go outside”)
O Variable Ratio- the number of behaviors required for reinforcement is unpredictable, but it is certain that the behaviors will be reinforced. Produce high and stable rates of behavior; hard to extinct behavior (ex- randomly checking student work).
O Fixed Interval- Reinforcement is available only at certain periodic times (ex- final exam)
O Variable Interval- Reinforcement is available at some times but not at others, and we have no idea when a behavior will be reinforced (ex- Obey traffic laws because you know the police randomly check compliance).
Schedules of Reinforcement
O Show what you know!O Slot machine that pay off after an
indeterminate number of usesO Pay checkO Putting money in a coke machineO Pop quizO Raising hand to give an answer
OWhat are some “Practical Reinforcers” for teachers to use in the classroom?
PunishmentO Punishment: A punisher should
DECREASE an undesirable behavior★ If an apparently unpleasant
consequence does not reduce the frequency of the behavior then it is not necessarily a punisher.O For example, some students like to be
sent out to the hall or to the principal’s office because it releases them from the classroom; in this cases this would not be a punisher
PunishmentO Examples of punishers
O Scolding (Embarrassment) O Taking away privilegesO Time-out or “social isolation”: removing
a student from a situation who is misbehavingO More effective for younger childrenO Frequently used in special education
classesO The length of time-out should be the
child’s age (ex- a 6 year old should be in time-out for 6 minutes)
O Place them in an uninteresting roomO Ensure that the student remain in
the time-out situation
O What can Behavioral theories can you identify in this video?
O http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk
Recommended