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Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used for clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite. In stratigraphy and tephrochronology, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass) ash-fall beds are commonly referred to as K-bentonites when the dominant clay species is illite. Other common clay species, and sometimes dominant, are montmorillonite and kaolinite. Kaolinite-dominated clays are commonly referred to as tonsteins and are typically associated with coal.
Edible Fats and Oils Testing
Edible fats and oils testing and inspection.
Intertek tests and inspects edible oils, vegetable oils and animal fats and oils. Products tested include tallow, palm oil, oilseed, cooking oils, groundnut oils, mustard oil, safflower oil, sesamum oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, other vegetable oils and more. Submitted samples and cargo inspection quality testing services are availble for oils and fats shipments on a global basis.
Fats and oils tests:Acetyl & Hydroxyl Value, Saponification Acid Value, Titration Acetone Insoluble Matter, Gravimetric Active Oxygen Method (AOM), Titration 8 hrs, Active Oxygen Method (AOM), 20, 60, 80 hrs +
Aldehyde Profiles, GC/MS Aliphatic Alcohols, GC/FID Anisidine Value, AOCS Antioxidants (BHA, BHT etc), HPLC Appearance, Visual Ash, AOCS/ISO Aflatoxin, Total, Flourometric, Aflatoxin, (B1, B1, G1, G2), T.L.C Aldehyde Profile, GC/MS Aliphatic Alcohols, GC/MS Alcohols, GC/MS Bleaching Test, Gardner Smith Boemer Number, Melting Point Break Test, Gravimetric Chemical Comtaminants (eg. Benzene, Styrene, Phenols), HPLC Chlorophyl, AOCS, FOSFA
Cloud Point, AOCS Cold Test, AOCS Color Gardner, FAC, AOCS, Lovibond (raw), Bleach, Gardner Smith, Rfined & bleached Copper, AA Flame / GFAA Confirmation of Components detected by other methods, GC/MS Congeal Point, AOCS Dioxins, GC/MS Erucic Acid, AOCS/ISO/GC Esters, GC Extractable Organics, GC/MS Fat Stability, See Active Oxygen Method Fatty Acid, Total & Oxidized, Saponification Fatty Acid Composition, AOCS/ISO/(GC FID) (including Transfat), LC/MS Fatty Alcohol Profile, GC/FID Flash Point, AOCS/FOSFA Flavor Profiles, GC/MS Fragrance Profiles, GC/MS Free Fatty Acids, AOCS/ISO (Titration) Fry Study, Frying Study, Color, Total Polars, Aldehydes, PV, FFA, FAP Glycerine, Titration, Glycerin and Glycols, HPLC Gossypol (in cotton seed oil), HPLC Halphen Test, AOCS Hexane Residues, GC Headspace Hydrocarbon Profile, GC FID Hydroxyl & Acetyl Value, AOCS Insoluble Impurities, AOCS/ISO Iodine Value, AOCS/ISO (WIJS) Iron, AA/GFAA Kries Test, Rancidity, Index B.S. Melting Point (Capillary), AOCS/ISO, Wiley, AOCS, Slip, AOCS/ISO Metals, Trace, Heavy metals, AA/GFAA Moisture and Volatiles, Oven, Htplate, Karl Fisher, AOCS/ISO, Distillation, AOCS/ISO Mercury, AA-Cold Vapor Monoglycerides, Diglycerides & Triglycerides, GC/FID MTBE, GC/FID Mucilage, Spectro Neutral Oil & Loss, AOCS Nitrogen, KJELDHAL Odor, Smell Oleic Acid, AOCS/ISO (GC-FID) Organic Acid Profile, HPLC PH, ITS/AOCS/ISO Phthalates, HPLC Polar Compound, GC Peroxide Value, AOCS/ISO
Phosphorous, Spectro Pesticides, Organochlorine, Organophosphorous,PCBS Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, GC/MS Polyethylene, AOCS/ISO Polysorbates, HPLC Priority Polluants, GC/MS Qualitative Test for Fish Oils, AOCS Radioactivity, ITS Rancidity Index (Kries Test), B.S. Rate of Filtration, ITS Refining Loss, AOCS Refractive Index, AOCS/ASTM Saponification Value, AOCS/ISO Saponification Color, AOCS Saponofication matter, total, Calculated from MIU Smoke Point, AOCS/BS Sorbic and Benzoic Acids, HPLC Soap Content, FOSFA, Soap in Oil, AOCS Solubility in Alchocol, Alcohol/Castor oil Mix Specific Gravity/Mass per volume, AOCS/ISO Sulphur, ASTM Squalene, HPLC Specific Extinction, UV/Visible Spec. Sterols, GC/FID Stigmadienes, GC/FID Solid Fat Content, AOCS/ISO Solid Fat Index, AOCS Trace Element, (AA-GFAA Thermal Heating Fluids (THF, Dowtherm), HPLC Titer, AOCS/ISO Triglycerides Profile, HPLC (Plus mono & Diglycerides), HPLC Tocopherol (plus tocotrienols), HPLC Trans Isomers, GC Thiocyangen Value, AOCS Unsaponifiable matter, AOCS/ISO Unsaponifiable profile, GC/MS Water by distillation, AOCS/ISO Waxes, GC/FID
Fatty Acids
The common fatty acids of plant tissues are C16 and C18 straight-chain compounds with zero to three double bonds of a cis (or Z) configuration. Such fatty acids are also abundant in animal tissues, together with other even numbered components with a somewhat wider range of chain-lengths and up to six cis double bonds separated by methylene groups (methylene-interrupted).
The systematic and trivial names of those fatty acids encountered most often, together with their shorthand designations, are listed in the table.
The common fatty acids of animal and plant origin
Systematic name Trivial name Shorthand
Saturated fatty acids
ethanoic acetic 2:0
butanoic butyric 4:0
hexanoic caproic 6:0
octanoic caprylic 8:0
decanoic capric 10:0
dodecanoic lauric 12:0
tetradecanoic myristic 14:0
hexadecanoic palmitic 16:0
octadecanoic stearic 18:0
eicosanoic arachidic 20:0
docosanoic behenic 22:0
Monoenoic fatty acids
cis-9-hexadecenoic palmitoleic 16:1(n-7)
cis-6-octadecenoic petroselinic 18:1(n-12)
cis-9-octadecenoic oleic 18:1(n-9)
cis-11-octadecenoic cis-vaccenic 18:1(n-7)
cis-13-docosenoic erucic 22:1(n-9)
cis-15-tetracosenoic nervonic 24:1(n-9)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids*
9,12-octadecadienoic linoleic 18:2(n-6)
6,9,12-octadecatrienoic γ-linolenic 18:3(n-6)
9,12,15-octadecatrienoic α-linolenic 18:3(n-3)
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic arachidonic 20:4(n-6)
5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic EPA 20:5(n-3)
4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic DHA 22:6(n-3)
* all the double bonds are of the cis configuration
Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesNaturally derived, exceptional performance and outstanding versatility – lanolin and lanolin derivatives are everything an ingredient should be. Whether you are looking for something to soften the skin, condition the hair or stabilize your formulation, Noveon® Consumer Specialties has the right lanolin for your formulating needs. We offer both cosmetic and pharmaceutical grade products. You can use the chart below to browse our product offerings, and click on the links to view helpful related literature. Please contact us for additional support or to place sample requests.
Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesProduct Name/INCI Name
Conditioner
s
Emollients
Emulsifyin
gAgent
s
EmulsionStabilizers
Moisturizer
s
Slip
Agents
Solven
t
Acetulan™ Lanolin Derivative
Primary Functionality
Secondary Functionality
Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesCetyl Acetate (and) Acetylated Lanolin AlcoholCeralan™ Lanolin ProductLanolin AlcoholLanocerin™ Lanolin ProductLanolin WaxLanogel™ 41 Lanolin DerivativePEG-75 LanolinLanogene™ Lanolin ProductLanolin OilLanolin LP 108 USP Emollient and MoisturizerLanolinLanolin USP AAA Emollient and MoisturizerLanolinModulan™ Lanolin DerivativeAcetylated LanolinOHlan™ Lanolin DerivativeHydroxylated Lanolin
Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesSolulan™ 16 Lanolin DerivativeLaneth-16 (and) Ceteth-16 (and) Oleth-16 (and) Steareth-16Solulan™ 75 Lanolin DerivativePEG-75 LanolinSolulan™ L-575 Lanolin DerivativePEG-75 LanolinSolulan™ 98 Lanolin DerivativePolysorbate 80 (and) Cetyl Acetate(and) Acetylated Lanolin AlcoholSolulan™ C-24 Lanolin DerivativeCholeth-24 and Ceteth-24Vilvanolin™ CAB Lanolin Derivative(formerly Amerchol™ CAB)Petrolatum (and) Lanolin AlcoholVilvanolin™
Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesL-101 Lanolin Derivative(formerly Amerchol™ L-101)Mineral Oil (and) Lanolin AlcoholVilvanolin™ P Lanolin Derivative(formerly Amerlate™ P) Isopropyl Lanolate
listing of the ten basic kinds
of water;
Hard Water
1. Hard Water. This is saturated with calcium, iron, magnesium,
and many other inorganic
minerals. All water in lakes, rivers, on the
ground, in deep wells, is classified as hard water. (Many city
systems take water from
rivers or lakes, or reservoirs supplied with
mountain water; they erroneously
call their supplies "soft
water" but it is soft only in comparison with water
which is harder.)
Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives
Boiled Water
2. Boiled Water. Boiling helps remove some of the germs, but
concentrates the inorganic
minerals. Other germs
are carried into a fertile
element for rapid and lusty propagation of
germs and viruses already
in the body.
Raw Water
3. Raw Water. This has not been boiled. Raw water
may be hard (as calcium hardened
water) or soft as rain water.
It contains millions of germs and viruses. In
every densely inhabited
drop. Some of these viruses and bacteria
may adversely affect the
thyroid gland, the liver and
other vital body organs.
Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives
Rain Water
4. Rain Water. This has been
condensed from the
clouds. The first drop is
distilled water. But when it
falls as rain, it picks up
germs, dust, smoke,
minerals, strontium 90,
lead and many other
atmospheric chemicals. By the time rain
water reaches the earth it is so saturated
with dust and pollutants it
may be yellowish in
color. Water is supposed to
act as an atmosphere
purifier. If we had no air
pollution, we would have far less pollution
in our drinking water.
Snow Water
5. Snow Water. This is frozen rain. Freezing
does not
Lanolin and Lanolin Derivativeseliminate any
germs. All snowflakes
have hardened mineral
deposits. Melt the cleanest
snow and you will find it
saturated with dirt, inorganic
minerals, germs and
viruses.
Filtered Water
6. Filtered Water. This water has
passed through a fine strainer, called a filter. Some calcium and other solid
substances are kept in the
filter; there is no filter made
which can prevent germs from passing
through its fine meshes. Each
pore of the finest filter is large enough for a million
viruses to seep through in a
few moments. A home filter usually only
picks up suspended
solids and is
Lanolin and Lanolin Derivativeseffective for
the time, maybe only for hours, until it is filled up. Then it is ineffective
even for removing
suspended solids, and at
the same time becomes a breeding
ground for bacteria.
Soft Water
7. Soft Water. This water is
soft in comparison with water
which is harder. It may contain many trace minerals and chemicals,
viruses and bacteria. It is
not to be confused with
"softened water." Soft
water may be classified as
water which is harder than
distilled water.
Water Types
Bottled water companies offer many types of water, from spring water to distilled water. The differences between these types of water are determined by the source of the water and anything that occurs to the water during processing. The FDA defines bottled water according to the following Standards of Identity. These apply to all bottled water in the U.S.
Water Type CharacteristicsArtesian Water From a well in a confined aquifer
Water level in well must stand at some height above the top of the aquifer
May also be known as "artesian well water" Distilled Water Water that has been turned into steam to leave impurities behind
Steam is condensed into pure water
Due to its purity, distilled water is used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical and liquid dry prescriptions
Fluoridated Water Contains fluoride that is added within the limitations set by Federal Regulations
Some spring and artesian sources have naturally occurring fluoride in trace amounts
Mineral Water Must contain no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS) with the solids being the minerals in the water
Must come from a geologically and physically protected underground water source
Is distinguished from other types of water by the regular mineral and trace elements present
No minerals may be added to this water Purified Water Produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis or other
suitable processes that meet the legal definition of "purified water"
May also be known as "demineralized water" Sparkling Water Contains, after treatment and possible replacement of carbon
dioxide, the same amount of carbon dioxide that it had at
emergence from the source
Soda water, seltzer water and tonic water are not considered bottled waters. They are regulated separately and considered softdrinks
Spring Water Must come from underground formation and flow naturally to the surface of the earth
Emanates from beneath the earth, from under strata that formed in prehistoric times
Must be collected at the spring or through a bore hole tapping the underground formation finding the spring
Sterile Water Must meet the requirements under "Sterility Tests" in the United States PharMacPPCopoeia
May also be known as "sterilized water." Well Water Comes from a hole that is bored, drilled or otherwise constructed in
the ground, tapping the water of an aquifer
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