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Biofuels end-use aspects:Maximizing impact and performance
Future Biomass-based Transport FuelsIEA Bioenergy Workshop 10.5.2011
Nils-Olof NylundVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
219/05/2011
Outline
§ Definitions and alternative ways to use biofuels§ Implementing biofuels in Finland§ Presentation of 3 research/demo projects
§ E85 optimised for cold conditions§ Paraffinic renewable diesel for buses§ the tripartite IEA Bus project
§ Summary
319/05/2011
Definitions
§ ”Blending wall”§ technical limitations for component concentrations§ the Fuel Quality Directive 2009/30/EC:
§ maximum 10 % (vol.) of ethanol in petrol (E10)§ maximum 7 % (vol.) of FAME biodiesel in diesel fuel (B7)§ both these options render only 6.5 % of renewable energy§ how to achieve 10 % or even higher energy substitution?
§ ”Drop-in” fuel§ a fuel that is compatible with the existing refuelling structure and
existing vehicles even at high concentrations without any need formodifications (e.g. BTL and HVO)
§ ”Dedicated vehicle”§ a vehicle that has been adapted to high concentration alternative fuels§ monofuel, bi-fuel or flex-fuel
419/05/2011
E10 not compatible with all vehiclesFinnish motorists dislike E10
519/05/2011
A century of FFV technology
In 1908, the Ford Model T was designed with acarburetor adjustment that could allow the vehicleto run on ethanol fuel produced by American
farmers. Ford’s vision was to “build a vehicleaffordable to the working family and powered by a fuel that would boost the rural farm economy.”
http://www.nesea.org/greencarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdfU.S. DOE EERE 2007
619/05/2011
Alternative technologies - buses
Biogas
Hybrid technology, EVs and fuel cells Ethanol
Biodiesel, synthetic biodiesel
719/05/2011
Special characteristics of Finland
§ Cold climate
§ Sparsely populated country andlong driving distances
§ Biofuels:§ ambitious obligation law meaning that we have to prepare for high volumes of biofuels§ cold winters meaning that we have to secure operability in cold conditions§ we have to evaluate every option and think how and where to best implement biofuels
Arctic Circle
Biofuel obligation
0
5
10
15
20
25
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
year
% (
ener
gy)
819/05/2011
E85 optimised for cold conditions
Paraffinic renewable diesel for buses
The tripartite IEA Bus project
”Snapshot” of three projects
Optimising REFuel (RE85) composition for use in cold ambient conditions
Juhani Laurikko & Nils-Olof Nylund10.05.2011
19.5.2011 10
Target setting
§ Main objective: to choose best option from different RE85 formulations available regarding cold startablity and emissions§ Method: exhaust emission tests from +23°C to -25°C§ Scope of analysis:
§ regulated species (CO, THC, NOx), as well as CO2 (for fuel consumption) and § unregulated species like aldehydes and unburned ethanol
§ Additional emphasis on: § Startability in low ambient temperatures§ Effect of electric block heater (a standard feature for FFV’s)
19.5.2011 11
Tested fuels
§ ”the basic” E85§ EtOH 85%§ 95 RON petrol 15%
§ 8 different blends, with§ 70-85 % bioethanol§ 15-30% varying contents of
ETBE, MTBE, petrol and some specific hydrocarbon species
§ ”the reference”§ 95E10 petrol
§ volatility (RVP) adjusted separately for normal and low temperatures
19.5.2011 12
Test matrix
§ In total about 120 tests…§…each producing more than 50 “results”, means…§…over 6000 data points to analyse!
fuel Ambient temperaturePa1 +23 -7Pa2 +23 -7Pa3 +23 -7
Pa1T -15 -20 -25 -25BHPa5 -15 -20 -25Pa7 -7 -20 -25 -25BHPa8 +23 -7
Pa1wt +23 -7E10K +23 -7E10T -7 -25
wt=5% water BH= electric block heater 2 hours
19.5.2011 13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
HC
emis
sio
[g/k
m]
@E
C20
00
“NORMI-E85”
“Kylmäoptimoidut” REFuel-laadut
Käynnistyvyysraja alle -25 Co
Lämpötila [ C]oAmbient Temperature [°C]
THC
Em
issi
ons
[g/k
m]
@ E
C20
00
Startability down to -25 °C
Blends with optimized cold running performance
Straight-mix “regular” E85 (15% petrol)
E10 petrol
RE85 blend with two RVP
OPTIBIO – HVO fuels for urban buses
Nils-Olof NylundVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
1519/05/2011
The OPTIBIO project…
The objective was to demonstrate the use of high quality renewable diesel fuel in buses in metropolitan Helsinki for:§ reduced toxic emissions
§ increased share of renewable fuels
§ The first project in the world involving use of high quality renewable diesel in high concentration§ 30 % and 100 % renewable paraffinic diesel (HVO) made through
hydrotreatment of vegetable oils and animal fats
§ original initiative from the municipal organisations responsible forprocurement of bus services
§ example of a public-private partnership
§ Testing within a research project spanning more than three years(September 2007 – December 2010)§ a comprehensive test programme to verify performance
as well as actual reductions in emissions levels over time
(NExBTL is the trade mark of Neste Oil’s HVO)
1619/05/2011
..The OBTIBIO project
§ Some 300 buses running on HVO fuels§ the bulk of the fleet on a 30 % blend§ 10 vehicles on 100 % HVO
§ Paraffinic HVO also depicts the end-use performance of future BTL qualities
§ The project was part of the BioRefine technology programme by TEKES, – the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, and the initiative for development of 2nd generation biofuels by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy
1719/05/2011
§ Screening§ 13 vehicle types (11 buses, 2 refuse trucks)§ Euro II – EEV§ summer and winter grade diesel fuel§ 0, 30, 50 and 100 % HVO
§ Follow-up emission testing§ 22 vehicles§ Euro II – EEV emission classification§ annual measurements
§ Catalyst testing§ 4 vehicle types§ 3 fuel blends§ wide range of catalytic converters and filters
§ Non-regulated emissions testing§ 3 vehicle types§ 2 fuel types
Measurement programme
1819/05/2011
NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
PM g/km
NO
x g
/km
Euro 2
Euro 4
EEV
Euro 3
Screening results - Summary
1919/05/2011
Particulate numbers
Particulate size distribution over the Braunschweig test cycle, Scania Euro 3
0.0E+00
1.0E+14
2.0E+14
3.0E+14
4.0E+14
5.0E+14
6.0E+14
7.0E+14
0.01 0.1 1
Aerodynamic diameter ( m)
dN
/dlo
gD
p (
#/km
)
DIR -5/-15NExBTL
Particulate size distribution over the Braunschweig test cycle, Scania Euro 4
0.0E+00
1.0E+14
2.0E+14
3.0E+14
4.0E+14
5.0E+14
6.0E+14
0.01 0.1 1
Aerodynamic diameter (€m)
dN
/dlo
gD
p (
#/km
)
DIR -5/-15NExBTL
Particulate size distribution over the Braunschweig test cycle, Volvo EEV
0.0E+001.0E+132.0E+13
3.0E+134.0E+135.0E+136.0E+137.0E+138.0E+139.0E+13
0.01 0.1 1
Aerodynamic diameter (€m)
dN/d
logD
p (#
/km
)
DIR -5/-15NExBTL
2019/05/2011
Field test..
§ Commenced with some 50 buses on a 30 % HVO blend in September 2007
§ 4 new Scania EEV vehicles on 100 % HVO entered the test in March 2008(in addition 2 new reference vehicles on conventional diesel)
§ Expansion to full scale (300 buses) in the autumn of 2008, most of them on a 30 % blend fulfilling the EN590 specifications
§ 3 older Euro III level Scania vehicles started operation on 100 % HVO in April 2009
§ 3 EEV level Irisbus vehicles started operation on 100 % HVO in February 2010
2119/05/2011
..Field test
§ All in all, the vehicles accumulated some 50 million kilometres, of which some 1.5 million kilometres on 100 % HVO.
§ The amounts of fuel were some 22 million litres of blended fuel and 1 million litres of straight HVO.
§ No problems whatsoever in the field,not even during the extremely cold2009/2010 and 2010/2011 winters
§ Some indications that more work isneeded to enhance the lubricity ofneat paraffinic diesel in engines withextremely high injections pressures
Mininum temperature in Helsinki September 2007 - December 2010
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
9/2007
11/200
71/2
0083/2
0085/2
0087/2
0089/2
008
11/20
081/2
0093/2
0095/2
0097/2
0099/2
009
11/20
091/2
0103/2
0105/2
0107/2
0109/2
010
11/201
0
(oC
)
2219/05/2011
Reports coming up
§ Final report in English (VTT’s series of publications)
§ Conference papers, e.g., SAE 20119172 and 20119239(2011 JSAE/SAE International Powertarins, Fuels & Lubricants, Kyoto 30.8 – 2.9.2011)
FUEL AND TECNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES FOR BUSESOverall energy efficiency and emission performance
Update on AMF Annex XXXVII/HEV Annex XVI/Bioenergy Task 41/Project 3
5.5.2011Nils-Olof Nylund
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
2419/05/2011
Bus project objective
§ To produce data on the overall energy efficiency, emissions and costs, both direct and indirect costs, of various technology options for buses
§ Provide solid IEA sanctioned data for policy- and decision-makers
§ Bring together the expertise of various IEA Implementing Agreements:§ Bioenergy: fuel production§ AFC & Hydrogen: automotive fuel cells§ AMF: fuel end-use§ AMT: light-weight materials§ Combustion: new combustion systems§ HEV: hybrid power-trains
2519/05/2011
Well-to-tank•AMF•Bioenergy Task 39•ANL•NRCan•VTT
Overall assessment of energy, emissions,externalities and costs•ADEME•ANL•EC•NRCan•VTT
OutlookAFC
OutlookAMF
OutlookAMT
OutlookHEV
OutlookCombustion
OutlookBiofuels
OutlookHydrogen
Task and cost sharing Task sharing
Tank-to-wheel•EC•VTT•AVL MTC (on-board)•VTI (engine tests)
2619/05/2011
WTT values analyzed for the following fuels:
GREET (USA) GHGenius (Canada) EU Renewable energy directive (RED)
low-sulfur diesel from conventional petroleum low-sulfur diesel from conventional petroleum fossil fuel comparator (EU average)natural gas to Shell GTL and SASOL FT diesel oil sands crude to low-sulfur diesel remote NG to synthetic diesel (remote plant)natural gas to CNG (SI engine) canola/rapeseed to biodiesel rapeseed to HVOsugar cane and/or grain to ethanol tallow to biodiesel rapeseed to FAMEsoybeans to biodiesel (FAME) soybeans to biodiesel palm oil to HVO (process not specified)soybeans to renewable diesel (NExBTL/HVO) soybeans to HRD palm oil to HVO (process with methane capture at oil mill)
canola/rapeseed to HRD palm oil to FAME (process not specified)natural gas to CNG palm oil to FAME (process with methane capture at oil mill)natural gas to LNG sugarcane to ethanollandfill gas to CNG wheat to ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)landfill gas to LNG wood to FT-diesel (farmed wood)anaerobic digestor to CNG wood to FT-diesel (waste wood)anaerobic digestor to LNG wood to DME (farmed wood)natural gas to FT diesel wood to DME (waste wood)coal to FT diesel jatropha to FAMEbiomass (wood) to FT diesel biogas from wet manure
biogas from organic waste
2719/05/2011
Vehicles measured so far§ Diesel
§ Volvo Euro 2§ Scania Euro 3§ Volvo SCR EEV§ Scania EGR EEV§ Solaris/Eaton parallel hybrid§ Volvo parallel hybrid§ Golden Dragon hybrid (supercaps, Cummins engine)
§ CNG§ MAN EEV
§ Ethanol § Scania EEV
§ DME § Volvo (truck, simulated as a bus)
§ Still to be measured:§ CNG Iveco Euro 6§ Iveco hybrid
§ Full fuel matrix measured with some of the vehicles
2819/05/2011
Effect of vehicle technology - NOx
NOx emission/Braunschweig
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Euro
2Eu
ro 3
EEV S
CR
EEV E
GR
EEV C
NGEth
anol
Batte
ry Hyb
rid 1
Battery
Hybrid
2
Supe
r Cap
asitor
Hyb
rid
DME Veh
icle
g/k
m
-90 %
2919/05/2011
Effect of vehicle technology - PM
PM emission/Braunschweig
0,000,050,100,150,200,250,300,350,40
Euro
2Eu
ro 3
EEV S
CR
EEV E
GR
EEV C
NGEth
anol
Battery
Hyb
rid 1
Battery
Hyb
rid 2
Supe
r Cap
asitor
Hybrid
DME Veh
icle
g/k
m -95 %
3019/05/2011
Effect of vehicle technology – energy consumption
Energy consumption/Braunschweig
0
5
10
15
20
25
Euro
2Eu
ro 3
EEV S
CR
EEV E
GR
EEV C
NGEth
anol
Batte
ry Hyb
rid 1
Battery
Hyb
rid 2
Supe
r Cap
asitor
Hyb
rid
DME Veh
icle
MJ/
km
-51 %-25 %
3119/05/2011
Fuel effects on NOx, Euro 3 technology
Euro3 bus NOx-emission in different cycles with various fuels
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
BRAUNSCHWEIG
NO
x-em
issi
on
(g/k
m)
EN590 30 % HVO+70 % EN59050 % HVO + 50 % EN590 HVO 100%GTL 100 % 7% FAME + 23% HVO + 70 % EN5907 % FAME + 93 % EN590 30 % FAME + 70 % EN59030% FAME + 70 % HVO FAME 100 %Jatropha *
+29 %
3219/05/2011
Fuel effects on PM, Euro 3 technology
Euro3 bus PM-emission in different cycles with various fuels
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
BRAUNSCHWEIG
PM
-em
issi
on
(g/k
m)
EN590 30 % HVO+70 % EN59050 % HVO + 50 % EN590 HVO 100%GTL 100 % 7% FAME + 23% HVO + 70 % EN5907 % FAME + 93 % EN590 30 % FAME + 70 % EN59030% FAME + 70 % HVO FAME 100 %Jatropha *
-65 %
Fuel and Technology Alternativesfor BusesOverall energy efficiency and emission performance
AMF Annex XXXVII
Environment Canada
Debbie Rosenblatt
Environment Canada (EC) - Update
• To date EC has completed measurements on 6 buses
• Buses were tested with a combination of drive cycles and fuel types:– Primary cycles: HD UDDS & Manhattan– Additional cycles: Braunschweig & ADEME/RATP– Fuel types: commercial Canadian ULSD (ultra low sulphur diesel); oilsands
derived commercial ULSD, HVO, and low level blends of FAME (varying feedstocks)
• A MY 2002 bus was tested in November 2010 to serve as an average baseline reference
• Additional tests will be performed on a second conventional driveline bus meeting US EPA 2010 equipped with SCR technology
• All tests included measurement of NOX, Total PM, CO, HC,CO2, CH4, N2O; particle size distributions were performed on selected tests
• Data analysis on-going
3519/05/2011
3619/05/2011
NOx & PM emissions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DF JME NExBTL RME
Spe
cific
NO
X e
mis
sion
s [g
/kW
h]
Euro III limit: 5.0 g/kWh
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
DF JME NExBTL RME
Spe
cific
PM
em
issi
ons
[g/k
Wh]
Euro III limit: 0.1 g/kWh
3719/05/2011
PM mutagenicity – TA98
Extracts (left) Condensates (right)
3819/05/2011
Summary
§ There are challenges in producing sufficient amounts of sustainable and cost-effective biofuels
§ However, do not forget end-use requirements
§ Blending of conventional biocomponents only provide limited substitution
§ ”Drop-in” fuels or alternative dedicated vehicles are needed to really make an impact
§ In biofuels development, VTT is looking at production as well end-use, in good cooperation with industry as well as the public sector
§ When developing alternative fuels, check all aspects of end-use performance, including unregulated exhaust emissions!
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