Biological Water Quality

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A`eheb`gmh rm|nq }~mh`|p?

Geh`feqi ge~c|

Lq# Mkntm|` W# Qnllp

Lnt|# A`e|ngj# Ncv`qec# Wg`#

\jmtmq ^c`vnqw`|p

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A`eheb`gmh rm|nq }~mh`|p |nw|`cb

@c|nqnw| `w |e kcer mae~| tqnwncgn ef rm|nqaeqcn tm|jebncw ½ \ee imcp vmq`n|`nw |e |nw| mcl ce| fnmw`ahn feq l`qng| in|jelw

Tqnwncgn mcl lncw`|p ef `cl`gm|eq eqbmc`wiw `w nw|mah`wjnl

Fngmh gec|mi`cm|`ec ef rm|nq `w nw|mah`wjnl |jqe~bj |nw|`cb feq |jn tqnwncgn mcl lncw`|p ef mc `cl`gm|eq eqbmc`wi

 ½ Fngmh im||nq ef |jn ̀ cfng|nl ̀ w we~qgn feq tm|jebncw

 ½ Fngmh gec|mi`cm|`ec ̀ cl`gm|nw j`bjnq tqeama`h`|p ef tm|jebnctqnwncgn

Geh`feqi amg|nq`m *Nwgjnq`gj`m geh` )( wtng`f`gmhhp fngmh geh`feqi `w

|jn `cl`gm|eq eqbmc`wi ½ @| `w tqnwnc| ̀ c rm|nq( rjncnvnq fngmh gec|mi`cm|`ec ̀ w |jnqn( `c

hmqbnq c~ianqw |jmc mcp ef |jn rm|nq aeqcn tm|jebncw

 ½ \nw|`cb feq `|w tqnwncgn mcl lncw`|p `w gjnmtnq( nmw`nq mcl fmw|nq 

 ½ Reqk`cb r`|j `| lenw ce| tqel~gn wnq`e~w jnmh|j |jqnm|w |e

hmaeqm|eqp reqknqw

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 Mg|~mhhp |nw|nl feq \e|mh Geh`feqi Ge~c|

 ½ W`cgn geh`feqi gmc mhwe an gec|q`a~|nl ap we~qgnwe|jnq |jmc fngmh gec|mi`cm|`ec( rm|nqw imp mhwe an

|nw|nl feq Fngmh Geh`feqi Ge~c|

 ½ @cg~am|`ec |nitnqm|~qnw mqn l`ffnqnc| *7>qG feq |e|mhgeh`feqi mcl

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Wmithn gehhng|`ec(

tqnwnqvm|`ec mcl w|eqmbn

Ghnmcnl( q`cwnl *f`cmh q`cwn r`|j l`w|`hhnl rm|nq) mclw|nq`h`znl *n`|jnq ap lqp eq rn| jnm|) wmith`cb ae||hnw mqn~wnl

Feq gehhng|`cb wmithnw r`|j qnw`l~mh gjheq`cn( |e tqnvnc|gec|`c~nl amg|nq`g`lmh mg|`ec( wel`~i |j`ew~hfm|n `wmllnl |e wmithn ae||hnw tq`eq |e wmithn gehhng|`ec

 ½ =44 ib%h `c gmwn ef rmw|nrm|nq wmithnw

 ½ =: ib%h `c gmwn ef lq`ck`cb rm|nq 

Feq gehhng|`cb wmithnw r`|j j`bj gettnq eq z`cg eq j`bjjnmvp in|mhw mll gjn|mh`cb mbnc| NL\M |e |jn ae||hntq`eq |e w|nq`h`zm|`ec |e b`vn 721 ib%h `c |jn wmithn

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Wmithn gehhng|`ec(tqnwnqvm|`ec mcl w|eqmbn

Wmithn gehhng|`ec

 ½ ^wn mwnt|`g gecl`|`ecw

 ½ Le ce| gec|mi`cm|n `ccnq w~qfmgn ef w|ettnq mcl ae||hn¶wcngk mcl knnt ae||hn ghewnl ~c|`hh |e an f`hhnl r`|j wmithn

 ½ F`hh r`|je~| q`cw`cb mcl qnthmgn w|ettnq `iinl`m|nhp

 ½ Hnmvn mithn wtmgn *1#> gi) |e fmg`h̀ |m|n i``cb ap wjmk`cb

Wmithn gehhng|`ec fqei m |mt

 ½ Q~c |jn |mt f~hh feq 1 |e 7 i`c# |e ghnmq |jn t`tnh`cn( qnl~gn

rm|nq fher |e tnqi`| wmithn gehhng|`ec r`|je~| wthmwj`cb ½ Mve`l wmith`cb fqei hnmk`cb |mtw

 ½ Qnievn |mt m||mgjinc|w *wgqnnc%wthmwj b~mql-)

 ½ @f pe~ lnw`qn ghnmc |mt |`t r`|j jptegjheq`|n *=44 ib%h)( mcl

q~c `| f~hhp etncnl feq >6 i`c tq`eq |e wmithn gehhng|`ec

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Wmithn gehhng|`ec(tqnwnqvm|`ec mcl w|eqmbn

Wmithn gehhng|`ec fqei e|jnq we~qgnw

@c gmwn ef jmcl t~it( q~c `| feq > i`c# tq`eq |e wmith`cb

@c gmwn ef m rnhh w|nq`h`znl ae||hn gmc an f`||nl r`|j rn`bj|m| |jn amwn mcl ~wnl

 ½ Mve`l gec|mg| r`|j anl

 Mve`l |mk`cb wmithn |ee cnmq |e amckw eq fmq fqei rm|nq lqmr eff te`c| `c gmwn ef q`vnq%hmkn%wtq`cb%wjmhher rnhh

 ½ @f gehhng|`cb fqei aem| gehhng| fqei ~tw|qnmi w`ln

 ½ Jehl ae||hn cnmq amwn( th~cbn `| anher rm|nq w~qfmgn r`|jcngk lercrmql( |~qc `| ~c|`h `|w cngk te`c|w wh`bj|hp~trmqlw mcl ie~|j l`qng|nl |ermqlw rm|nq g~qqnc| mclgehhng| wmithn *`f ce g~qqnc| t~wj ae||hn feqrmql |e gqnm|n)

 ½ Wtng`mh mttmqm|~w gmc an ~wnl |e ingjmc`gmhhp qnievnw|ettnq ~clnq |jn rm|nq w~qfmgn

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W|mq| |nw|`cb tqeit|hp

 ½ @f ce| |e an w|mq|nl r`|j`c = jq# `gn geeh |jn wmithn

\qmcwteq| wmithn r`|j`c 6 jq rj`hn jehl`cb |nitnqm|~qn8=4qG

 ½ ^wn `gn geehnq feq wmithn w|eqmbn l~q`cb |qmcwteq|

@f |nw|`cb ce| w|mq|nl r`|j`c 1 jqw ef qngn`t| qnfq`bnqm|n

 ½ \`in nhmtwnl an|rnnc gehhng|`ec mcl |nw|`cb wje~hl an81< jqw

Qngeql |`in nhmtwnl mcl |nitnqm|~qn ef w|eqmbn feq nmgjef |jn wmithnw mcmhpwnl

Wmithn gehhng|`ec(

tqnwnqvm|`ec mcl w|eqmbn

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I~h|`thn \~an Fnqinc|m|`ec \nw|

 Mhwe kcerc mw ITC |nw| *Iew| Tqeamahn C~ianq)

 Mc nw|`im|n ef inmc lncw`|p ef geh`feqiw qnteq|nl mwITC%=44 ih

Te`wwec l`w|q`a~|`ec *qmclei l`wtnqw`ec) ef geh`feqiw `wmww~inl

Lnf`c|`ec ef geh`feqi amg|nq`m feq ITC |nw|? Mhh mnqea`g mcl

fmg~h|m|`vn mcmnqea`g bqmi cnbm|`vn( cecwteqn feqi`cb(qel wjmtnl amg|nq`m |jm| fnqinc| hmg|ewn r`|j bmw mclmg`l feqim|`ec r`|j`c qG

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I~h|`thn)|~an fnqinc|m|`ec |ngjc`}~n

Gecl~g|nl `c 7 tjmwnw

Tqnw~it|`vn |nw|

 ½ Wnq`mh l`h~|`ecw ef m wmithn *|e n|`cg|`ec) mqn `cg~am|nl `ci~h|`thn |~anw ef hm~qph |q`t|ewn aqe|j m| 7>´G feq ´G eq `c |~anw ef NG aqe|j m|

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I~h|`thn)|~an fnqinc|m|`ec |ngjc`}~n

Geithn|nl |nw|

 ½ @cvehvnw w|qnmk`cb ef HNW Ncle mbmq thm|nw r`|j `ceg~h~ifqei tew`|`vn ABHA%NG aqe|j |~anw feq ea|m`c`cb `wehm|nlgehec`nw

 ½ Bqmi w|m`c |jn gnhhw fqei `wehm|nl gehec`nw mcl nmi`cn~clnq i`gqewgetn

 ½ Bqmi cnbm|`vn( cecwteqn feqi`cb( qel wjmtnl amg|nq`mmqn geh`feqiw ½ geithn|`ec |nw|

Gmhg~hm|`ec ef ITC `w ½ L`qng|hp fqei te`wwec l`w|q`a~|`ec

 ½ Fqei |jn ITC |mahnw

 ½ Ap \jeimw n}~m|`ec

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Tqnw~it|`vn tjmwn ef ITC |nw|

Hm~qph |qpt|ewn aqe|j eq mh|nqcm|`vnhp hmg|ewn aqe|j `w~wnl mw inl`~i

Lnjplqm|nl inl`~i `w i`nl `c l`w|`hhnl rm|nq( mcl jnm|nl|e l`wwehvn |jn `cbqnl`nc|w mf|nq tJ mlo~w|inc|

 ½ Aqeiegqnweh t~qthn *4#4= b%H) gmc an mllnl feq `cl`gm|`cbmg`l tqel~g|`ec

 ½ Le~ahn w|qncb|j inl`~i `w mhwe qn}~`qnl ½ ]~mc|`|p qn}~`qnl lntnclw ec c~ianq ef wmithnw mcl

c~ianq ef lng`imh l`h~|`ecw

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Tqnw~it|`vn tjmwn ef ITC |nw|

Inl`~i `w l`wtncwnl `c|e fnqinc|m|`ec |~anw r`|j `cvnq|nl v`mhw*Lnqjmi |~anw)

 ½ L`wtncwn le~ahn w|qncb|j inl`~i `c|e |jn |~anw |jm| r`hhan `ceg~hm|nl r`|j =4 ih wmithn |e mve`l l`h~|`ec ef `cbqnl`nc|w anher |jn w|mclmql inl`~i hnvnh

 ½ Ncw~qn |jm| |jn inl`~i hnvnh `c |jn |~anw `w w~ff`g`nc| |e|e|mhhp w~ainqbn |jn `cvnq|nl v`mhw

 ½ 0 eq =4 ih inl`~i ̀ w ~w~mhhp l`wtncwnl `c|e nmgj |~an

Ghewn fnqinc|m|`ec |~anw r`|j jnm| qnw`w|mc| gmtw mcl w|nq`h`zn `cm~|eghmvn

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Tqnw~it|`vn tjmwn ef ITC |nw|

Lng`imh l`h~|`ec mcl `ceg~hm|`ec ef fnqinc|m|`ec |~anw

Lecn `c `ceg~hm|`ec gjmianqw mwnt|`gmhhp mcl qn}~`qnw

 ½ W|nq h̀`znl l`h~|`ec |~anw nmgj r`|j 0 ih ef l`h~|`ec rm|nq 

 ½ W|nq h̀`znl = ih mcl =4 ih gmtmg`|p t`tn||nw

W|nq`h`znl fnqinc|m|`ec |~anw r`|j gec|mi`cm|`ec fqnn

inl`~i mcl m`q a~aahn fqnn `cvnq|nl v`mhw mqn ~wnl

 ½ 7 eq > fnqinc|m|`ec |~anw m| nmgj ef |jn lng`imh l`h~|`ecw

 ½ Ecn wn| ef 7 eq > |~anw r h̀h an ef le~ahn w|qncb|j inl`~i

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Tqnw~it|`vn tjmwn ef ITC |nw|

\jeqe~bjhp i` |jn wmithn `c wmithn ae||hn mcl mwnt|`gmhhp

|qmcwfnq =4 ih `c|e nmgj ef |jn wn| ef fnqinc|m|`ec |~anwr`|j le~ahn w|qncb|j inl`~i

 ½ |qmcwfnq = ih ef |jn wmithn `c|e m w|nq`h̀ znl l`h~|`ec |~anr`|j 0 ih ef l`h~|`ec rm|nq 

\jeqe~bjhp i` l`h~|`ec |~an gec|nc|w mcl |qmcwfnq = ih `c|enmgj ef |jn 7|~an wn| r`|j w`cbhn w|qncb|j inl`~i

 ½ |qmcwfnq = ih ef l`h~|nl wmithn fqei |jn l h̀~|`ec ae||hn `c|e|jn cn| l`h~|`ec |~an

Qntnm| |jn l`h~|`ec mcl `ceg~hm|`ec tqegnww |`hh |jn lnw`qnl

hnvnh ef l`h~|`ec `w qnmgjnl ½ L`h~|`ec |e n|`cg|`ec `w |jn gecgnt| anj`cl |jn lng`w`ec

 ½ ^wn m wntmqm|n w|nq`hn t`tn||n feq nmgj ef |jn l`h~|`ec

 ½ Wjmkn v`beqe~whp *wmithnw & l`h~|`ecw) rj`hn tqntmq`cb

 ½ Wmithn veh~inw ~wnl mqn =4( =( 4#=( 4#4=( 4#44=( «

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Tqnw~it|`vn tjmwn ef 

ITC|nw|

I` fnqinc|m|`ec |~an gec|nc|w mf|nq `ceg~hm|`ec *|jqe~bj bnc|hnmb`|m|`ec) mcl `cg~am|n m| 7> 4#>qG

 Mf|nq 1< 1 je~qw ef `cg~am|`ec wjmkn nmgj ef |jn |~anw bnc|hp

mcl nmi`cn feq bmw `c |jn `cvnq|nl v`mhw eq mg`l`g bqer|j@f ce bmw eq ce mg`l`g bqer|j( qn`cg~am|n mcl qnnmi`cn m||jn ncl ef

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Gecf`qinl tjmwn ef |jn |nw|Gecl~g|nl ec echp |jn tew`|`vn tqnw~it|`vn |~anw

 ½ @f mhh |~anw mqn tew`|`vn m| 1 eq ieqn l`h~|`ecw( |jnc gecl~g||jn |nw| ec mhh |jn |~anw ef |jn j`bjnw| l`h~|`ec ef tew`|`vnqnmg|`ec mcl ec mhh tew`|`vn |~anw ef w~awn}~nc| l`h~|`ecw

Gmc an gecl~g|nl w`i~h|mcne~whp feq ae|j |e|mh geh`feqiw mclfngmh geh`feqiw

 ½ Fnqinc|m|`ec |~anw r`|j Aq`hh`mc| Bqnnc Hmg|ewn A`hn Aqe|j*ABHA) feq |e|mh geh`feqiw

 ½ Fnqinc|m|`ec |~anw r`|j NG inl`~i feq fngmh geh`feqiw

@ceg~hm|n ecn ABHA |~an *mcl%eq ecn NG aqe|j |~an) fqei nmgj

ef |jn tew`|`vn tqnw~it|`vn |~anw

 ½ Bnc|hp wjmkn eq qe|m|n |jn tew`|`vn |~an ef tqnw~it|`vn|nw| |e qnw~wtncl i`gqeeqbmc`wiw

 ½ \qmcwfnq m heet f~hh ef |jn g~h|~qn `c|e |jn ABHA mcl%eq NG|~an r`|j m 7 ii l`min|nq w|nq`hn in|mh heet

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Gecf`qinl tjmwn ef |jn |nw|

@cg~am|n `ceg~hm|nl ABHA |~anw m| 7> 4#>´G

Bmw tqel~g|`ec r`|j`c

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Geithn|nl |nw|

Inmc| |e lnf`c`|`vnhp nw|mah`wj tqnwncgn ef geh`feqi amg|nq`m `c|jn tew`|`vn gecf`qinl |~anw

Tew`|`vn gecf`qinl |~anw ef NG aqe|j m| nhnvm|nl |nitnqm|~qn lece| qn}~`qn geithn|nl |nw|

 ½ Tew`|`vn gecf`qinl |~anw mqn |mknc mw tew`|`vn geithn|nl |nw|qnwtecwnw

Geithn|nl |nw| `cvehvnw

W|qnmk`cb ecn HNW ncle mbmq tn|q`thm|n fqei nmgj ef |jntew`|`vn ABHA gecf`qinl |~an |e ea|m`c l`wgqn|n gehec`nw

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Geithn|nl |nw|

T`gk`cb ~t m |pt`gmh gehecp *eq m|pt`gmh gehecp) |jm| `w iew|h`knhp gecw`w| ef geh`feqi amg|nq`m mcl |qmcwfnq`cb |e

 ½ M hm~qph |qpt|ewn aqe|j fnqinc|m|`ec |~an |e gjngk feq bmwtqel~g|`ec ec `cg~am|`ec m| 7>½4#>qG feq 1< 1 je~qw

 M c~|q`nc| mbmq whmc| feq `cg~am|`cb feq 1< je~qw mclea|m`c`cb amg|nq`mh g~h|~qn feq Bqmi w|m`c`cb mcli`gqewget`g nmi`cm|`ec

I`gqewget`g nmi`cm|`ec ef amg|nq`mh g~h|~qn ef |jn c~|q`nc|mbmq whmc| mf|nq bqmi w|m`c`cb

Tqel~g|`ec ef bmw `c |jn hm~qph |qpt|ewn aqe|j mcl lniecw|qm|`ecef bqmi cnbm|`vn( cecwteqn feqi`cb qel wjmtnl amg|nq`m mqn|mknc mw tew`|`vn qnw~h|w

@f |jn qnw~h| `w cnbm|`vn mggeql`cbhp mlo~w| |jn qnw~h|w qngeqlnll~q`cb tqnw~it|`vn |nw|

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H`}~`fp w|nq`hn HNW ncle mbmq( mwnt|`gmhhp te~q `c|e w|nq`hn

tn|q` thm|nw mcl mhher |jn te~qnl inl`~i |e weh`l`fp

Bnc|hp wjmkn eq qe|m|n |jn tew`|`vn gecf`qinl |~an |e

qnw~wtncl |jn eqbmc`wiw( |mkn m heetf~h ef |jn g~h|~qn

mcl w|qnmk mc HNW ncle mbmq thm|n

 ½ Mve`l t`gk`cb ~t ef mcp wg~i eq fhem|`cb iniaqmcn ap |jn

`ceg~hm|`ec heet

 ½ Le w|qnmk`cb `c w~gj m rmp |jm| `wehm|nl gehec`nw ea|m`cnl

@cg~am|n |jn w|qnmknl thm|nw m| 7>½4#>qG feq 1

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Amg|nq`mh gehec`nw lnvnhetnl ec |jn thm|n mqn l`v`w`ahn `c|e

\pt`gmh gehec`nw? t`ck |e lmqk qnl gehec`nw r`|j m bqnncin|mhh`g w~qfmgn wjnnc *gevnq`cb |jn nc|`qn gehecp( eq mttnmq`cb echp `c m gnc|qmh mqnm eq ec |jn tnq`tjnqp)

 M|pt`gmh gehec`nw? t`ck( qnl( rj`|n eq gehe~qhnww gehec`nwr`|je~| bqnnc in|mhh`g w~qfmgn wjnnc

E|jnq gehec`nw? cecgeh`feqi gehec`nw

T`gk ~t ecn eq ieqn |pt`gmh gehec`nw feq `ceg~hm|`cb |jn

wngeclmqp hm~qph |qpt|ewn aqe|j |~anw mcl |jn c~|q`nc|mbmq whmc|w

 ½ `c |jn mawncgn ef |pt`gmh gehec`nw t`gk ~t |jn gehec`nw |jm| mqnh`knhp |e gec|m`c geh`feqiw

Geithn|nl |nw|

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Thmgn m heetf~h ef l`h~|`ec rm|nq `c |jn gnc|nq ef i`gqewget`gwh`ln mcl mll |e |jn rm|nq lqet m heetf~h ef |jn amg|nq`mhg~h|~qn ef |jn c~|q`nc| mbmq whmc|

 ½ Mhwe im`c|m`c wntmqm|n bqmi tew`|`vn mcl bqmi cnbm|`vn gec|qehg~h|~qnw ec |jn wmin i`gqewget`g wh`ln feq geitmq`wec

Wtqnml |jn g~h|~qn `c |jn rm|nq lqet |e imkn ~c`feqil`wtnqw`ec evnq mc mqnm ef |jn wh`ln( mcl |jnc m`q lqp & jnm| f`

W|m`c |jn jnm| f`nl winmq r`|j miiec`~i emhm|n ½ gqpw|mh

v`ehn| weh~|`ec feq = i`c#( q`cwn r`|j |mt rm|nq mcl lqm`c eff  ½ Mieec`~i ezmhm|n ½ gqpw|mh v`ehn| weh~|`ec? i` 1 b ef gqpw|mh

v`ehn|( `c 14 ih 0>. n|jph mhgejeh( mcl 4#: b miiec`~i emhm|n(`c :4 ih l`w|`hhnl rm|nq( mbn feq 1< jqw mcl f`h|nq 

Geithn|nl |nw|

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 Mtthp `el`cn weh~|`ec feq ecn i`c#( q`cwn r |̀j |mt rm|nq mclmhher mgn|ecn mhgejeh wehvnc| |e fher mgqeww |jn winmq |`hhgehe~qhnww wehvnc| w|mq|w fher`cb eff fqei |jn wh`ln

 ½ H~beh¶w weh~|`ec *@el`cn weh~|`ec)? Bq`cl = b `el`cn gqpw|mhw mcl 1b K@ `c m ieq|mq f`qw| lqp |jnc r`|j l`w|`hhnl rm|nq |`hh weh~|`ec `wfeqinl( mcl q`cwn |jn weh~|`ec `c|e mianq ae||hn r`|j 744 ihl`w|`hhnl rm|nq 

 ½ Mgn|ecnmhgejeh wehvnc|? =?= i`nq ef 0>. mhgejeh mcl mgn|ecn

Ge~c|nqw|m`c |jn winmq r`|j wmfqmc`c feq => wng#( q`cwn r`|j|mt rm|nq( ahe| lmp mcl |jnc nmi`cn i`gqewget`gmhhp

 ½ Ge~c|nqw|m`c? l`wwehvn 1#> b wmfqmc`c lpn `c =44 ih ef 0>. n|jphmhgejeh mcl |jnc mll =4 |e =44 ih l`w|`hhnl rm|nq 

Geithn|nl |nw|

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Nw|`im|`ec ef amg|nq`mh lncw`|p

Nw|`im|nl fqei |jn qnw~h|w ef |jn tqnw~it|`vn tjmwn ef |jn |nw|(mf|nq cngnwwmqp mlo~w|inc|w imln gecwn}~nc| |e |jncnbm|`vn qnw~h|w ef gecf`qinl tjmwn mcl geithn|nl tjmwn

Amg|nq`mh lncw`|p `w qnml fqei |jn ITZ `cln |mahn geqqnwtecl`cb

|e |jn c~ianq ef tew`|`vn |~anw feq 7 gecwng~|`vn l`h~|`ecw

 ½ ITC `cln |mahn feq > |~anw tnq l h̀~|`ec mcl |jn |mahn feq 7 |~anwtnq l`h~|`ec mqn l`ffnqnc|

 ½ ITC `cln |mahn qnhm|nw |jn c~ianq ef tew`|`vn |~anw m| =4( =mcl 4#= ih wmithn veh~inw |e ITC%=44 iH

 ½ Rjnc l`h~|`ecw gecw`lnqnl mqn l`ffnqnc| fqei =4( = mcl 4#= ih( feq gmhg~hm|`cb ITC *fqei |jn `cln |mahn qnml`cb) ~wn

gecw`lnqnl l`h~|`echernw| |jnm|  wmithnef  iH

|mahnqnml`cb ITC ih ITC ITC 

=4)=44%*

v-

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Nw|`im|`ec ef amg|nq`mh lncw`|p

Rjnc |nw|nl m| wmithn veh~inw anpecl =4( = mcl 4#= ih(gjeewn |jn qnw~h|w ef j`bjnw| l`h~|`ec *m| rj`gj mhh |jn |~anwmqn tew`|`vn) mcl |jn cn| |re l`h~|`ecw

>%>>%>1%>4%> ##>14

>%>1%>4%> >4%>=%>4%>4%> ##4=4##

@f tew`|`vn qnw~h|w mqn ea|m`cnl nvnc m| m l`h~|`ec anpecl |jnwnq`nw ef l`h~|`ecw gecw`lnqnl |jnc mll |jm| tew`|`vn qnw~h| |e|jn qnw~h|w ef |jn j`bjnw| l`h~|`ec gecw`lnqnl

>%>7%>=%>=%> >71##

>%>7%>1%>4%> >71##

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Nw|`im|`ec ef amg|nq`mh lncw`|p

ITC `cln |mahn le ce| `cgh~ln |jn ~ch`knhp geia`cm|`ec ef qnw~h|w *|jn geia`cm|`ec rjewn tqeama`h`|p `w 8=.)

 ½ Ea|m`c`cb |jn ~ch̀ knhp geia`cm|`ec ef qnw~h|w ~w~mhhp `cl`gm|nwfm~h|p i~h|`thn |~an fnqinc|m|`ec |ngjc`}~n

\jn ITC `cln |mahn gmc mhwe `cgh~ln 0>. gecf`lncgn h`i`|w

Feq nw|`im|`cb ITC fqei |jn ~ch`knhp geia`cm|`ec ef qnw~h|w mclfqei |jn qnw~h|w ef m |nw| rjnqn lng`imh l`h~|`ecw mqn ce| ~wnl(~wn |jn fehher`cb *\jeimw) n}~m|`ec?

Tqng`w`ec ef i~h|`thn |~an fnqinc|m|`ec |nw| `w her angm~wn ef qmclei l`w|q`a~|`ec mcl gh~w|nq`cb ef |jn geh`feqi amg|nq`m

¸¹»¨

©«v¸

¹»¨

©«

v-

|~anw|jnmhh 

`c wmithnef  iH

|~anwcnbm|`vn

`c wmithnef  iH

|~anw tew`|`vnef   C~ianq ih ITC 

=44=44%

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ITC |nw| feq fngmh geh`feqiw

Nhnvm|nl `cg~am|`ec |nitnqm|~qn `w ~wnl feq |jnwntmqm|`ec ef geh`feqiw `c|e |jewn ef geh`feqi eq`b`cmcl |jewn ef cecgeh`feqi eq`b`c

\re mttqemgjnw gmc an fehhernl

^wn ef NG aqe|j mcl `cg~am|`ec m| ½4#>qG feq 7 je~qw mcl |jnc m|

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Iniaqmcn f`h|qm|`ec |ngjc`}~n

 Mh|nqcm|`vn |e i~h|`thn |~an fnqinc|m|`ec |ngjc`}~n

Ieqn tqng`wn( qnhm|`vnhp ieqn qmt`l mcl j`bjhp qntqel~g`ahn

|ngjc`}~nQnhm|`vnhp hmqbn veh~inw ef wmithn gmc an |nw|nl mcl nvnc

wmh`cn rm|nqw gmc an |nw|nl

Ce| beel feq rm|nqw r`|j j`bj |~qa`l`|p mcl j`bj `c cecgeh`feqiamg|nq`m( mcl tqnwncgn ef |e`g w~aw|mcgnw qnw~h| `c her

nw|`im|nw

Qnw~h|w fqei iniaqmcn f`h|qm|`ec mqn hernq |jmc fqei i~h|`thn|~an fnqinc|m|`ec |nw| l~n a~`h| `c tew`|`vn w|m|`w|`gmh a`mw

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Iniaqmcn f`h|qm|`ec |ngjc`}~n

Lnf`c`|`ec ef geh`feqi amg|nq`m feq iniaqmcn f`h|qm|`ec|ngjc`}~n

 ½ Mnqea`g mcl fmg~h|m|`vn mcmnqea`g( bqmi cnbm|`vn( cecwteqnfeqi`cb( qel wjmtnl amg|nq`m

 ½ Amg|nq`m |jm| lnvnhet qnl gehec`nw r`|j in|mhh̀ g wjnncr`|j`c 1< jqw ef `cg~am|`ec m| 7>qG ec Ncle|ptn inl`~ir`|j hmg|ewn

 ½ T~qn g~h|~qnw tqel~gn cnbm|`vn gp|egjqein e`lmwn

qnmg|`ec mcl tew`|`vn  Fbmhmg|ew`lmwn qnmg|`ec Mhh qnl( t`ck( ah~n( rj`|n eq gehe~qhnww gehec`nw *m|pt`gmh

gehec`nw) hmgk`cb in|mhh`g wjnnc mqn gecw`lnqnl mw cecgeh`feqiw

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Iniaqmcn f`h|qm|`ec |ngjc`}~n

Inmw~qnl veh~in ef wmithn `w f`h|nqnl |jqe~bj miniaqmcn f`h|nq |jm| geithn|nhp qn|m`cw geh`feqi amg|nq`m ½ L~th`gm|n veh~inw eq }~mlq~th`gm|n veh~inw ef m wmithn eq m

fnr teq|`ecw ef m wmithn nmgj ef m l`ffnqnc| veh~in mqn mhweef|nc f`h|nqnl feq |nw|`cb

F`h|nq r`|j geh`feqiw `w |qmcwfnqqnl |e tn|q` thm|nw r`|j HNW

Ncle mbmq eq I Ncle mbmq inl`~i mcl `cvnq|nl thm|nwr`|j f`h|nq mqn `cg~am|nl m| 7>½4#>qG feq 1< je~qw ½ F`h|nq gmc mhwe an |qmcwfnqqnl |e |jn w~qfmgn ef |jn maweqanc| tml

wm|~qm|nl r`|j h`}~`l inl`~i mcl thmgnl `c m tn|q` thm|n mcl`cg~am|nl

 ½ Feq ncq`gjinc| |jn f`h|nq gmc an `cg~am|nl evnq mc maweqanc| tmlwm|~qm|nl r`|j hm~qph |qpt|ewn aqe|j feq =#> |e 1 je~qw m| 7>½4#>qG`c mc m|iewtjnqn ef 04. qnhm|`vn j~i`l`|p tq`eq |e `cg~am|`ec ecncle inl`~i feq 14 |e 11 je~qw

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Iniaqmcn f`h|qm|`ec |ngjc`}~n

Geh`feqi vnq`f`gm|`ec Cngnwwmqp angm~wn |pt`gmh in|mhh`g wjnnc gehec`nw gmc ef|nc

an tqel~gnl ap cecgeh`feqi amg|nq`m

Vnq`fp =4. ef |jn gehec`nw eq m i`c`i~i ef > gehec`nw eq mhh

|jn in|mhh`g wjnnc gehec`nw Gmc an ap `ceg~hm|`cb m hm~qph |qpt|ewn aqe|j |~an r`|j m

gehecp( `cg~am|`cb m| 7> 4#>qG mcl eawnqv`cb feq bmwtqel~g|`ec mf|nq

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Iniaqmcn f`h|qm|`ec |ngjc`}~n feq fngmh geh`feqiw

\jn f`h|nq `w `cg~am|nl ec IFG inl`~i m|

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Lnhmpnl `cg~am|`ec tqegnl~qn @iinl`m|n tnqfeqimcgn ef w|mclmql geh`feqi |nw| ec |jn

gehhng|nl wmithn imp ce| mhrmpw an fnmw`ahn

@c w~gj gmwnw lnhmpnl `cg~am|`ec tqegnl~qn `w fehhernl

 ½ \jn wmithn ̀ w mwnt|̀ gmhhp f`h|nqnl `iinl`m|nhp mcl |jn f`h|nq ̀ w

thmgnl evnq m |qmcwteq| inl`m feq |jn |qmcw`| |`hh `| `w |qmcwfnqqnl |e|jn mg|~mh inl`~i feq w|mclmql |nw|`cb

\qmcwteq| inl`m mqn lnw`bcnl |e knnt |jn geh`feqiw v`mahnmcl bncnqmhhp le ce| tnqi`| v`w`ahn bqer|j l~q`cb |qmcw`| |`in

 ½ @c gmwn ef |e|mh geh`feqiw |nw|`cb HNW IF jehl`cb inl`~i eq I

Ncle tqnwnqvm|`vn inl`~i `w ~wnl

 ½ INcle inl`~i mf|nq ae`h`cb |e l`wwehvn mbmq `w geehnl |e anher>4G mcl |jnc 7#:< b%h ef wel`~i anczem|n `w mllnl |e ea|m`c INcle tqnwnqvm|`vn inl`~i

 ½ @c gmwn ef fngmh geh`feqiw |nw|`cb IVFG jehl`cb inl`~i `w ~wnl

Iniaqmcn f`h|qm|`ec |ngjc`}~n

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L`h~|`ec rm|nq mcl tnt|ecn rm|nq 

L`w|`hhnl rm|nq eq lni`cnqmh`znl rm|nq ~wnl wje~hl an fqnn fqei|qmgnw ef gec|mi`cm|`cb c~|q`nc|w( l`wwehvnl in|mhw( mclamg|nq`g`lmh eq `cj`a`|eqp geite~clw

L`h~|`ec rm|nq? Mll =#> ih ef w|egk tjewtjm|n a~ffnq weh~|`ec mcl> ih ef imbcnw`~i gjheq`ln weh~|`ec tnq h`|nq ef l`w|`hhnl rm|nq 

mcl m~|eghmvn ½ W|egk tjewtjm|n a~ffnq? L`wwehvn 7< b KJ1TE< ̀ c >44 ih

l`w|`hhnl rm|nq( mlo~w| tJ |e 2#1½4#> mcl imkn~t f`cmh veh~in |eecn h`|nq 

 ½ L`wwehvn :=#= b ef IbGh1#6J1E ̀ c l`w|̀ hhnl rm|nq mcl mlo~w| f`cmh

veh~in |e ecn h`|nq Tnt|ecn rm|nq? tqntmqn 4#=. tnt|ecn weh~|`ec fqei =4. w|egk

tnt|ecn weh~|`ec( mlo~w| tJ |e 6#: mcl m~|eghmvn

I`gqea`mh w~wtncw`ecw `c l`h~|`ec rm|nq wje~hl ce| an im`c|m`cnlanpecl 74 i`c# *lnm|j eq i~h|`th`gm|`ec ef amg|nq`m gmc egg~q)

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G~h|~qn inl`m? Tqntmqm|`ec mcl w|eqmbnLnjplqm|nl inl`m `c |jn feqi ef fqnn fher`cb terlnqw mqn

mvm`hmahn

 ½ Inl`~i gmc mhwe an tqntmqnl fqei ̀ |w wtng`f`nl amwn `cbqnl`nc|w

 ½ Mwweg`m|nl r`|j |jn cec~c`feqi`|p ef geitew`|`ec

Lnjplqm|nl inl`m w|eqnl `c |`bj|hp ghewnl ae||hnw `c lmqk herj~i`l`|p m|iewtjnqn m| 874G `w ~wnl

 ½ Mve`l ~w`cb l`wgehe~qnl( gmknl mcl ce|fqnnhp fher`cb inl`m

 ½ ^wn tqeg~qnl inl`m *|jewn gec|m`c`cb wel`~i mz`ln( a`hn wmh|w eq lnq`vm|`vnw( mc|`a`e|`gw( mi`ce mg`lw r`|j w~hf~q) r`|j`c = pnmq 

 ½ Mf|nq etnc`cb |jn ae||hn gecw~in |jn inl`~i r`|j`c 6 iec|jw

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G~h|~qn inl`m? Tqntmqm|`ec mcl w|eqmbn

Qnjplqm|n |jn inl`~i mcl mlo~w| tJ |e wtng`f`nl vmh~n

 ½ \`|qm|n wimhh ef |jn tqntmqnl inl`~i |e kcer |jn mie~c| ef mg`leq mhkmh` cnnlnl feq tJ mlo~w|inc|

 ½ ^chnww jmv`cb a~ffnq`cb wmh|w w|nq`h`zm|`ec gmc qnl~gn inl`~i tJap 4#= |e 4#7 ~c`|w

 ½ Evnqjnm|`cb ef m qngecw|`|~|nl inl`~i gmc tqel~gn

~cmggnt|mahn f`cmh tJL`wtncwn qnjplqm|nl inl`~i `c|e g~h|~qn |~anw r`|j`c 1 je~qw

mcl w|nq`h`zn

W|nq`h`zn `c m~|eghmvn m| =1=G feq => i`c~|nw

 ½ ]~`gkhp geeh |jn w|nq̀ h`znl inl`~i |e mve`l lngeitew`|`ec ef 

gecw|`|~nc| w~bmqw ½ Mve`l lngeitew`|`ec |jqe~bj w|nq h̀`z`cb aqe|jw r`|j w~bmqw `c

i`c gpghn *~wn =1=G feq =1=> i`c#)

 ½ M= aqe|j `w w|nq`h`znl m| =1=G feq =4 i`c#

Fehher imc~fmg|~qnq¶w l`qng|`ecw feq |jn qnjplqm|`ec mclw|nq`h`zm|`ec

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C~|q`nc| Mbmq tnt|ecn > b

Annf n|qmg| 7 b

  Mbmq => b

Veh~in ef inl`~i = h`|nq  

tJ mf|nq w|nq`h`zm|`ec 6#: 4#1

HNW Ncle mbmq Pnmw| n|qmg| =#1 b

Gmw`|ecn eq |qpt|`gmwn 7#2 b

\j`etnt|ecn eq 

|j`e|ecn

7#2 b

\qpt|ewn 2#> bK1JTE< 7#7 b

KJ1TE< =#4 b

CmGh 7#2 b

Wel`~i lnwepgjehm|n 4#= b

Wel`~i hm~qph w~hfm|n 4#4> b

Wel`~i w~hf`|n =#6 b

Amw`g f~gjw`c 4#: b

 Mbmq => b

Veh~in ef inl`~i = h`|nq  

Amwn `cbqnl`nc|w ef l`ffnqnc| inl`m ~wnl

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ImgGecknp aqe|j

tnt|ecn =2 b

Tqe|newn tnt|ecn 7 b

Hmg|ewn =4 b

A`hn wmh|w =#> b

CmGh > b

Cn~|qmh qnl 4#47 b

Gqpw|mh v`ehn| 4#44= b

Veh~in ef inl`~i = h`|nq  

M)= aqe|j

Hmg|ewn > b

\qpt|ecn 14 b

CmGh > b

Wmh`g`c 4#> b

Tehpn|jphncn bhpgeh

 t)`weeg|ph  tjncph n|jnq 

=#4 ih

Veh~in ef inl`~i = h`|nq  

tJ mlo~w|inc| 6#0 4#= Mll tehpn|jphncn bhpgeh mf|nq jnm|

l`wwehv`cb mhh weh`l `cbqnl`nc|w

Amwn `cbqnl`nc|w ef l`ffnqnc| inl`m ~wnl

Amwn `cbqnl`nc|w ef l`ffnqnc| inl`m ~wnl

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HNW Ncle mbmq 

Pnmw| n|qmg| =#1 b

Gmw`|ecn eq |qpt|`gmwn 7#2 b

\j`etnt|ecn eq |j`e|ecn 7#2 b

\qpt|ewn 2#> b

Hmg|ewn 0#< b

K1JTE< 7#7 b

KJ1TE< =#4 b

CmGh 7#2 b

Wel`~i lnwepgjehm|n 4#= b

Wel`~i hm~qph w~hfm|n 4#4> b

Wel`~i w~hf`|n =#6 b

Amw`g f~gjw`c 4#: b

 Mbmq => b

Veh~in ef inl`~i = h`|nq  

L`w|`hhnl rm|nq r`|j 14 ih%h ef 0>.n|jmceh `w ~wnl ½ gec|qehw amgkbqe~clbqer|j mcl geh`feqi gehecp w`zn

 Mhiew| ae`h |e l`wwehvn mbmq a~| ce|w|nq`h`zn ap m~|eghmv`cb

Amwn `cbqnl`nc|w ef l`ffnqnc| inl`m ~wnlI) Ncle mbmq 

\qpt|ewn mcl tehptnt|ecn =4 b

Gmw`|ecn eq |qpt|`gmwn > b

\j`etnt|ecn eq |j`e|ecn > b

Pnmw| n|qmg| =#> b

Wel`~i gjheq`ln > b

Hmg|ewn =1#> b

K1JTE< b

KJ1TE< =#72> b

Wel`~i lnwepgjehm|n 4#= b

Wel`~i hm~qph w~hfm|n 4#4> b

Wel`~i w~hf`|n 1#= b

Amw`g f~gjw`c =#4> b

 Mbmq => b

Veh~in ef inl`~i = h`|nq  

L`w|`hhnl rm|nq r`|j 14 ih%h ef 0>.n|jmceh `w ~wnl ½ gec|qehw amgkbqe~clbqer|j mcl geh`feqi gehecp w`zn

 Mhiew| ae`h |e l`wwehvn mbmq a~| ce|w|nq`h`zn ap m~|eghmv`cb

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I)FG inl`~i

Hmg|ewn =1#> b

\qpt|ewn eq a`ewm|n =4 b

Tqe|newn tnt|ecn Ce# 7eq tehptnt|ecn

> b

Pnmw| n|qmg| 7 b

CmGh > b

A`hn wmh| Ce# 7 eq a`hnwmh|w i`|~qn

=#> b

 Mc`h`cn ah~n 4#= b

Veh~in = h`|nq 

Qnjplqm|n `c l`w|`hhnl rm|nq gec|m`c`cb =4 iH =. qeweh`g mg`l `c4#1C CmEJ#

Jnm| |e cnmq ae`h`cb mcl |jnctqeit|hp geeh |e anher >4G a~| le

ce| m~|eghmvn

I)VFG jehl`cb inl`~i

Gmw`|ecn( v`|mi`c fqnn 4#1 b

Wel`~i anczem|n < b

w~hfmc`hmi`ln 4#> b

N|jmceh *0>.) =4 ih

L`w|`hhnl rm|nq = h`|nq 

F`cmh tJ 6#2

Jnm| l`wwehvn |jn inl`~i mcl w|nq`h`zn apf`h|qm|`ec *teqn w`zn ef f`h|nq 4#11¾i)

HNW IF jehl`cb inl`~i

\qpt|ecn 7 b

INcle aqe|j IF 7 b

K1JTE< 7 b

Tmqmmi`ceancze`g mg`l =#1 b

  Mbmq =>

L`w|`hhnl rm|nq = h`|nq  

Qnjplqm|n `c l`w|`hhnl rm|nq( jnm| |e ae`h`cb |el`wwehvn mbmq mcl geeh |e >4G

 Mwnt|`gmhhp mll = b ef wel`~i anczem|n( = b

ef w~hfmc`hmi`ln mcl 4#> b ef gpghejn`i`ln

Amwn `cbqnl`nc|w ef 

l`ffnqnc| inl`m ~wnl

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