BIOLOGY 666 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR - Northern Arizona …shuster/shustercourses/BIO...

PAST – PRESENT – FUTURELee C. Drickamer

November 2009

BIOLOGY 666ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

PLAN OF ACTIONINTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS

HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

RECENT DECADES AND THE PRESENT

FUTURE PATHWAYS

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INTRODUCTION

Personal HistoryLadder of LifeSources of QuestionsModel SystemTinbergen’s Four Questions

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PERSONAL HISTORY

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FAMILY OF ACADEMICS – UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOLOBERLINMICHIGAN STATENORTH CAROLINA STATEPUERTO RICOWILLIAMS COLLEGESOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITYNORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY

LADDER OF LIFE - I

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CHEMISTRYORGANELLESCELLSTISSUESORGANSORGAN SYSTEMSORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

LADDER OF LIFE - II

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ORGANISM – ANIMAL BEHAVIORPOPULATIONCOMMUNITYECOSYSTEMBIOSPHERE (BIOMES)

SOURCES OF QUESTIONSOBSERVATION – NATURAL HISTORYTESTING THEORYTECHNOLOGY CHANGESAPPLIED

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OBSERVATIONS

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DUCKLINGS FOLLOWING MOTHERTWO SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUSMOBBING BEHAVIOR IN BIRDS

SPEND TIME WITH SUBJECT ANIMAL(S) IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENTUMWELT CONCEPT

TESTING THEORY

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FORAGING THEORY

KIN SELECTION THEORY

SEXUAL SELECTION

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

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RADIO-TRACKING

DNA TECHNOLOGY

HORMONES – COLLECTIONS & ASSAYS

APPLIED

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AGRICULTURE

PETS

CONSERVATION

Systems & Animal Behavior

Genes

Nervous

Endocrine Immune

Organism

Environment

Environment

Environment

Environment

TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS

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ULTIMATE QUESTIONSFUNCTIONEVOLUTION

TINBERGEN’S FOUR QUESTIONS

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PROXIMATE QUESTIONSPHYSIOLOGY-

MECHANIMSDEVELOPMENT

G. STANLEY HALL

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CHARLES OTIS WHITMAN

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C. LLOYD MORGAN

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Douglas Spalding

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George John Romanes

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WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER

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NIKO TINBERGEN

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NIKO TINBERGEN

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KONRAD LORENZ

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KONRAD LORENZ

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Wolfgang Schleidt

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JOHN B. WATSON

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B.F. SKINNER

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WILLIAM H. THORPE

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R.A. Fisher

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T.C. SCHNEIRLA

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John Paul Scott

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GERARD BAERENDS

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VINCENT DETHIER

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ROBERT HINDE

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Frank Beach

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Daniel Lehrman

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AUBREY MANNING

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Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt

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HARRY HARLOW

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PETER MARLER

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E.O. WILSON

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John Maynard Smith

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W.D. HAMILTON

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JOHN A. KING

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RICHARD ALEXANDER

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George C. Williams

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AMOTZ ZAHAVI

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Robert Trivers

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JEANNE ALTMANN

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FRANS DE WAAL

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JOHN KREBS

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MARIAN DAWKINS

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SARAH HRDY

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RICHARD DAWKINS

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STEPHEN EMLEN

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MARY JANE WEST-EBERHARD

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JOE WHO?

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HISTORY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

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ANCIENT HISTORY

GREEKS AND ROMANS

10TH- 18TH CENTURIES

19TH CENTURY

ANCIENT HISTORY

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Early HumansFood – HuntingPredators

ANCIENT HISTORY

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Early HumansArtwork and ArtifactsDomesticationCompanion AnimalsLivestock

DOMESTICATION

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(1) COMPANIONSHIP & PROTECTION

(2) FOOD

(3) ANIMAL PARTS FOR CLOTHING &UTENSILS

(4) TRANSPORTATION

ANCIENT HISTORY

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Early HumansAgriculture*Pest Organisms – Rodents & Insects & Birds

GREEKS

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(1) Anatomy –Understanding the Human Body

(2) Natural History –Systematic Observations

SCIENTIFIC ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

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(1) ARISTOTLE – Marine Biology, Birds, FishFirst Real Ethograms

(2) SYSTEMATIC RECORDED NATURAL HISTORY - Consistent Methods of Observing & Recording

(3) USE OF COMPARATIVE METHODReproductive Systems

(4) APPLIED ASPECTS OF BEHAVIORDomestic Stocks

(5) CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

ROMANS

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(1) EMPHASIS ON ANATOMYGalen – Relating Anatomy to Function (Locomotion)

(2) NATURAL HISTORYPliny – 37 Volumes on Natural History

(3) TRAVEL – EXPLORATIONMore Exotics Brought to Rome

MIDDLE EAST & ASIA

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(1) RELIGIONS Animal Depictions, Myths, Deities

(2) ARAB AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Food ChainsStruggle for ExistenceEnvironmental Determinism

10TH – 16TH CENTURIES

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MIDDLE AGES – Plague, Not Much Else

RENAISSANCE – Renewal of ScienceAGE OF EXPLORATION – Late 15th

CenturyNATURAL PHILOSOPHY – Splits Into

DisciplinesBELIEF IN SOME VITAL SPIRIT OR

CREATOR

17TH TO 19TH CENTURIES

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(1) NATURAL HISTORY & EXPLORATION

(2) SYSTEMATICS – LINNEAUS

(3) SHIFT AWAY FROM RELIGION AS

FOUNDATION

17TH & 18TH CENTURIES

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(4) Descartes – Discourse on Method

Divide the Problem into Separate Parts and Work on Those Individually

Conduct Investigation in Stepwise Fashion

All Information Must Be Factual and Objective

17TH & 18TH CENTURIES

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(1) ZOOLOGICAL PARKS –

Private Until 1860s

(2) MUSEUMS

(3) SOCIETIES

(4) JOURNALS – Really Shared Papers

17TH & 18TH CENTURIES

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LamarckBuffonLinneausErasmus DarwinMalthusGilbert WhiteJohn Bartram

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BEGINS

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Charles G. Leroy – Versailles Menagerie1750s – 1780sGame KeeperWrote on Animal Intelligence

DescribesEthogramLife History TraitsCompares Herbivores & Carnivores

19TH CENTURY – FIRST HALF

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Cuvier – St. Hillarie DebateNature-Nurture Discussion

Charles Lyell – GeologyContinual Changes Over Time Slow & Gradual

Notions About Populations & Communities

Physiology Comes of Age

19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF

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Darwin and Evolution DominateDouglas Spalding

Experimental ApproachBird FlightInstinct Guides Learning

George John RomanesInvertebrates and PhysiologyAnimal Intelligence & Mental Evolution in

Animals

19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF

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Charles Otis Whitman (MBL Founder)PigeonsZoology as Independent DisciplineEvolutionary Bases for Behavior

C. Lloyd MorganMorgan’s CanonAnimal Behavior – First ‘Textbook’ in this

FieldComparing Animal and Human Minds

19TH CENTURY – SECOND HALF

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Jacques Loeb – Animal Movements, Tropisms

Jakob von Uexkill – Umwelt ConceptWilliam Morton Wheeler – Social Life of

AntsJean Henri Fabre – Insect Behavior &

Descriptions

THREE THREADS EMERGE

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PSYCHOLOGY – AMERICAN

ETHOLOGY – EUROPEAN

ZOOLOGY – AMERICA & EUROPE

20TH CENTURY ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

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1900-1950s – BEGINNING OF MODERN ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

1950s-1970s – GROWTH OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE

1970s – 1990s – MATURATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A DISCIPLINE

1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS

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PSYCHOLOGY –ThorndikeWatsonSkinnerYerkes

1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS

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ZOOLOGYW.C. AlleeSewall WrightG.K. Noble

1900 – 1960 - BEGINNINGS

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ETHOLOGYOskar HeinrothWilliam ThorpeKarl von FrischGerard BaerendsNiko TinbergenKonrad Lorenz

1950s-1970s – GROWTH

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JOURNALSBEHAVIOURANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

SOCIETIESASABABS (from ESA and ASZ)IECAPA – Section 6

1960s – 1990s – MATURATION

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TEXTBOOKSMarler & Hamilton – Mechanisms of

BehaviorHinde – BehaviourManning – Patterns of Animal BehaviourAlcock – Animal BehaviorDrickamer & Vessey – Animal Behavior

1970s – 1990s – MATURATION

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Peak in Positions for Animal Behaviorists

MANY More Journals

More Societies & Meetings

KEY – Maturation Means Specialization

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

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G.C. WilliamsE.O. WilsonRobert TriversJohn Maynard SmithW.D. Hamilton

These and Others – Underpinnings of the Surge in Behavioral Ecology

NEUROBIOLOGY

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1990s – Decade of the Brain

Physiological Psychology

Brain Imaging

JOINING APPROACHES

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Behavioral Ecologists – Started to ask about what is happening inside the animal

Neurobiologists – Started to ask about the meaning of their findings in the whole animal and in nature

Simplified View – But, connections have begun and are growing

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

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INTEGRATIONIMMUNOLOGYPHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITYMATHEMATICS FOR MODELS AND

THEORYNEW TECHNOLOGIESSTRONG INFERENCE WITH

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

INTEGRATION

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FIELD & LABORATORY

PROXIMATE & ULTIMATE CAUSATION

Wingfield – birds and stress

Bass – neurobiology and fish

communication

Ryan – frog calls and mating systems

IMMUNOLOGY

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STRESS & IMMUNE FUNCTIONGood and Bad Aspects

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & IMMUNE FUNCTION

IMMUNE FUNCTION, DISEASE RESISTANCE & MATE SELECTION

IMMUNE SYSTEM, CNS, & ENDOCRINESANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES

PHENOTYPIC FLEXIBILITY

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ALTERNATE NAMESPhenotypic PlasticityDevelopmental Plasticity

EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGYEco-Evo-Devo

EPIGENETICS – WADDINGTONEpigenetic Landscape PathwaysCanalization

Types or Levels of Evolution

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NATURAL SELECTIONSEXUAL SELECTIONKIN SELECTION & RECIPROCAL

ALTRUISMGROUP SELECTIONCOMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM

SELECTIONOTHERS?

MODELS - I

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WORD MODELSLearning Processes

MATHEMATICAL MODELSShuster Foraging BehaviorMate Choice – Mate Selection

COMPUTER MODELSInput Information Iterations & Output

Populations of House MiceSIMULATION MODELS

MODELS - II

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ROBOTICS – Models of Sensory System

ANIMAL MODELS

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

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FREE-RANGING TELEMETRY& SATELLITES

DNA ANALYSESGENETIC RELATIONSHIPSPOPULATION GENETICS

FREE-RANGING SAMPLE COLLECTIONHORMONES

BRAIN IMAGING

METHODS – STRONG INFERENCE

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RETURN TO TESTABLE HYPOTHESESTOUGHTFUL EXPERIMENTAL

MANIPULATIONSBUILD ANSWERS IN STEPSUSE OF MODELS FOR GENERATING

IDEAS AND PREDICTIONS

RESEARCH ANIMALS

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CONTINUED INTEREST IN PRIMATES & HUMANS

OTHER VERTEBRATES

CONSERVATION EFFORTS

INVERTEBRATES, INVERTEBRATES, INSECTS

CLOSING THOUGHTS

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COLLABORATIONSMULTI-DISCIPLINARYCOMBINING LABORATORY

AND FIELD WORKTRAINING STUDENTS – BROADER VIEW

MODELINGSTATISTICSEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNKNOWLEDGE OF ALL ASPECTS OF

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR