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Learning Goals
• 1. Summarize the two steps of Genetic Engineering, explaining each of the sub steps.
• 2. Explain at least two ways that genetic engineering is used in our lives.
Genetic Engineering
• Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism– Step 1: Genetic Manipulation– Step 2: Cell Transformation
Step 1: Genetic Manipulation• Scientists use their
knowledge of DNA structure to study and change DNA. – 1. DNA extraction
• DNA is separated from DNA is separated from the rest of the cell.the rest of the cell.
– 2. Cutting the DNA• Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes
cut DNA into smaller cut DNA into smaller fragments fragments so it is so it is easier to easier to study/analyze.study/analyze.
– 3. Making copies• Polymerase chain reaction is used to make
many copies of a particular gene
– 4. Making Recombinant DNA• Pieces of DNA from one organism are
attached to the DNA of another organism
Step 2: Cell Transformation
• Foreign DNA is inserted into a cell– 1. Take gene and put it into a different
cell• Use a bacteria plasmidbacteria plasmid or a virusvirus to
“deliver” gene to new cell
– 2. New “HostHost” cell will follow the DNA instructions of the inserted gene
– 3. Can be used to make important cell products or give organism new traits
Applications of Genetic Engineering
• Genetically-modified Organisms Genetically-modified Organisms : an organism that contains some genes from another species – Useful ApplicationsUseful Applications:
• 1. Making medicines• 2.Genetically-modified foods• 3.Other Applications
• 1. Making Medicines– Cells make important protein products
that people with diseases need
– EX: Insulin for Diabetes– EX: Human Growth Hormone – EX: Blood clotting factors
• 2. Genetically-modified foods– Produce BIGGER foods– Feed more people– Disease & pest resistant– Frost resistant
Copy Cat:Clone your favorite dead pet!
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Genetic Ethics
• People have strong feelings about genetic engineering.
• What do you think about what you have just learned?– Turn to your partner and share one idea.
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