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Brake and tire wear
• DATA• ”Mass balance” (total transports, turn over, PM size)
• Lab (Garg et al)• Road tunnel (using tracers)• Road side (tracers, COPREM, PMF)
Brake wear emission factorsEmission factor Site Methodology Refrence
8 mg/vkm Stockholm city Brake wear turnover + total transport
Westerlund & Johansson
? ? US EPA (1985)
? Gothenburg, road tunnel
PMF? Sternbeck et al 2001
? Stockholm road tunnel
Kristensson et al 1999
MMD=0.7-2.5 um Lab Garg et al., 2000
MMD=6 um Sanders et al., 2003
Stockholm, Hornsgatan
COPREM using Cu + Sb as indicator
Sjödin et al 2009
Wåhlin et al 2006
WEAREM Sjödin et al
Wåhlin et al 2006
NOX = 1.3 g/vkm => .72/124.3*1.3 = 7.5 mg/vkm for fine fraction
RAINS
See Boulter
EMEP/CORINAIR see Boulter
Boulter
• Tyre wear– Cars = 100 mg/vkm– HDV = 1000 mg/vkm– PM10 = 10 % (up to 30%)
• Brake wear– Cars =10-20 mg/vkm– HGV = 50-100 mg/vkm– 50% becomes airborne– >80% = PM10
What determines brake wear?
• Vehicle • Speed• Vehicle type (HDV, LDV…)• Brake type
• Traffic conditions• City center• Highway
Tire wear emission factorsEmission factor Site Methodology Reference
4 mg/vkm Stockholm, Hornsgatan
COPREM using Zn as indicator
Sjödin et al 2009
What determines tire wear?
• Vehicle • Speed• Vehicle type (HDV, LDV…)• Tire type
• Traffic conditions• City center• Highway
• Road conditions
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