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Buddhism and Buddhist Culture
Day 1 (7-9-2015)
Content
1. Pāḷi Language
2. Buddhist Literature
3. History of Buddhism
1
Pāḷi Literature
• A body of certain scriptures accepted by the Buddhists as
the genuine word of the Buddha is a Buddhist Canon.
• The scriptures are in the form of dialogues, sayings,
narratives and rules; some are in verse while others in
prose.
• Each school of Buddhism has its own canon in Pāli,
Sanskrit, Mixed Sanskrit or Prākrit.
• Of these Canons, the one in Pāḷi, belonging to the
Theravādins is most complete.
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3
The contents of this Canon were collected and settled
at three successive Buddhist Councils held within 300
years after the demise of the Buddha.
• The Canon had been orally handed down
generation after generation until the time of the
Fourth Council held in Ceylon during the reign
of King Vaṭṭagāmaṇi (29-17 BC) when the
scriptures were written into books.
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The Pāḷi Canon as we have it now can be classified in several ways.
• Rasa (1)
• Dhamma Vinaya (2)
• Vacana (3)
• Piṭaka (3)
• Nikāya (5)
• Aṅgā (9)
• Dhammakkhandhā (84000)
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rasa, “sentiment”
• the Canon forms one whole body having the
Vimuttirasa “Sentiment of Deliverance”
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Dhamma
Vinaya
8
Pathama
Buddhavacana
Dutiya
Buddhavacana
Tatiya
Buddhavacana
9
10
Dīgha Nikāya
Majjhima Nikāya
Saṁyutta Nikāya
Aṅguttara Nikāya
Khuddaka Nikāya
11
Sutta
Geyya
Veyyākaraṇa
Gāthā
Udāna
Itivuttaka
Jātaka
Abbhutadhamma
12
Dhammakkhandhā
Units of the Dhamma
84000
Vinaya Piṭaka
• The Vinaya Piṭaka contains various rules which
govern daily conduct of the members of the Saṃgha
and official functions of the Saṃgha.
• There are also stories in this Piṭaka which explain the
promulgations of the rule or rules concerned, for the
Buddha laid down the rules as occasion suggested
their necessity.
13
14
The Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga Analysis of Rules for
monks
The Bhikkhunī Vibhaṅga Analysis of Rules for Nuns
The Mahāvagga Major Series
The Cūḷavagga Minor Series
The Parivāra Appendix
• The first two of the list are collectively called Sutta
Vibhaṅga, “Analysis of Rules” and the second two
Khandhaka, “Series”.
• The Sutta Piṭaka embodies a great number of
discourses in verse like the Maṅgala Sutta or in prose
like the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta.
• Many of these discourses are delivered by the
Buddha, but a few of them by some of his prominent
disciples.
15
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The Dīgha Nikāya Collection of lengthy
Suttas
The Majjhima Nikāya Collection of Suttas of
medium length
The Saṃyutta Nikāya Collection of Connected
Series of Suttas
The Aṅguttara Nikāya Collection of Suttas in
numerically progressive
Order
The Khuddaka Nikāya Collection of Small Works
• The Dīgha Nikāya, the
Collection of lengthy
suttas, made up of thirty-
four long discourses of the
Buddha, comprises three
books .
17
• The Sīlakkhandhavagga
(the division concerning morality) (13)
• The Mahāvagga
(the large division) (10)
• The Pāthikavagga
(the division beginning with the discourse on
Pāthika, the naked ascetic) (11)
18
• The Majjhima Nikāya,
Collection of suttas of
medium length, is made
up of one hundred and
fifty-two suttas in three
books known as paṇṇāsa
'fifty'.
19
• The first book, Mūlapaṇṇāsa, deals with the
first fifty suttas in five vaggas
• the second book, Majjhimapaṇṇāsa, consists of
the second fifty suttas, also in five vaggas
• the last fifty-two suttas are dealt with in five
vaggas of the third book
• Uparipaṇṇāsa means more than fifty
20
• The Saṃyutta Nikāya,
Collection of connected
series of suttas, has 7762
suttas of varied length,
generally short, arranged
in a special order
according to subject
matter into five major
divisions.
21
• (1) The Sagāthāvagga Saṃyutta
• (2) The Nidānavagga Saṃyutta
• (3) The Khandhavagga Saṃyutta
• (4) The Saḷāyatanavagga Saṃyutta
• (5) The Mahāvagga Saṃyutta
22
• The Aṅguttara Nikāya, Collection of suttas in
numerically progressive order, containing 9557
short suttas is divided into eleven books
known as nipātas:
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• The Ekaka Nipāta
• The Duka Nipāta
• The Tika Nipāta
• The Catukka Nipāta
• The Pañcaka Nipāt
• The Chakka Nipāta
• The Sattaka Nipāta
• The Aṭṭhaka Nipāta
• The Navaka Nipāta
• The Dasaka Nipāta
• The Ekādasaka Nipāta 24
• In the Aṅguttara Nikāya, the discourses are arranged
in progressive numerical order, each nipāta
containing suttas with items of Dhamma, beginning
with one item and moving up by units of one until
there are eleven items of Dhamma in each sutta of the
last nipāta. Hence the name Aṅguttara meaning
“increasing by one item.”
• The Aṅguttara Nikāya constitutes an important source
book on Buddhist psychology and ethics, which
provides an enumerated summary of all the essential
features concerning the theory and practice of the
Dhamma.
25
• The Khuddaka Nikāya, collection of small
works, includes 15 books according to the
calculation of Western scholars, but 18
according to that of the Myamar who add three
more books.
26
• The Khuddakapāṭha, 'The Minor Readings'
• The Dhammapada, 'Word of the Doctrine'
• The Udāna, 'Verses of Uplift '
• The Itivuttaka, 'As It Was Said'
• The Suttanipāta, 'Groupe of Discources'
• The Vimānavatthu, 'Stories of the Mansions',
27
• (7) The Petavatthu, 'Stories of the Departed'
• (8) The Theragāthā 'Elders’ Verses I'
• (9) The Therīgāthā 'Elders’ Verses II',
• (10) The Jātaka, ' Stories of the Buddha’s
Former Births', (11) The Niddesa, 'Expositor'
• (12) The Paṭisambhidāmagga, 'The Path of
Discrimination',
28
• (13) The Apadāna, ‘The Stories’
• (14) The Buddhavaṃsa, ‘The Chronicle of the
Buddhas’
• (15) The Cariyā Piṭaka, ‘The Basket of Conduct’
• (16) The Netti, ‘The Guide’
• (17) The Peṭakopadesa, ‘Instruction in the
Piṭaka’
• (18) The Milindapañha, “Milinda’s Questions”
29
Abhidhamma Piṭaka
• Abhi + Dhamma
• The Abhidhamma Piṭaka, the last division of the
Canon, includes the philosophical, ethical and
psychological tenets of the Buddha, which are found
elsewhere, especially in the Sutta Piṭaka.
30
The Abhidhamma Piṭaka comprises seven books:
• (1) The Dhammasaṅganī, “Enumeration of Dhammas”
• (2) The Vibhaṅga, “Analysis”
• (3) The Dhātukathā, “Discussion of Elements”
• (4)The Puggalapaññatti, “Manifestation of Individuals”
• (5) The Kathāvatthu, “Subjects of Discussion”
• (6) The Yamaka, “Book of Pairs”
• (7) The Paṭṭhāna, “Book of Relations”
31
• A less common way of classification of the
Pāli Canon is that into five Nikāyas of Dīgha,
Majjhima, Saṃyutta, Aṅguttara and Khuddaka.
But the Khuddaka Nikāya of this kind of
classification includes not only the 15 or 18
books of the Sutta Piṭaka but also the seven
books of the Abhidhamma and the five books
of the Vinaya. In fact, these two sets of books
are placed before the 15 or 18 books of the
Sutta Piṭaka.32
• Sutta
• Geyya
• Veyyākaraṇa
• Gāthā
• Udāna
• Itivuttaka
• Jātaka
• Abbhutadhamma
• Vedalla 33
The division into nine Aṅgas
does not allude to a canon
complete in itself, or to
definite books, but is only
meant to classify the various
types of Buddhist texts
according to their form andcontents
• (1) Sutta means all the sayings of the Buddha bearing
the name sutta
• (2) Geyya means all the suttas containing verses
• (3) Veyyākaraṇa - the whole of the Abhidhamma
Piṭaka and any sayings not included in the other
eight Aṅgas
• (4) Gāthā - all the portions entirely in verse
• (5) Udāna - all the verses uttered out of joy
34
• (6) Itivuttaka - sayings of the Buddha in the form of
quotations
• (7) Jātaka - Birth Stories of the Buddha
• (8) Abbhutadhamma - suttas connected with wonderful
and marvelous phenomena
• (9) Vedalla - suttas requested to be preached as a result of
attainment of wisdom and delight
• Of these Aṅgas, Udāna, Itivuttaka and Jātaka are also the
names of some books included in the Khuddaka Nikāya.
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36
Vinaya Piṭaka
Sutta Piṭaka
Abhidhamma Piṭaka
21000
21000
42000
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