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Building Capacity on Protected Areas Law & Governance
Module 8
Connectivity Conservation - Intro
Ecosystem degradation and habitat fragmentation and loss are the primary threats to biodiversity.
Connectivity conservation connects and re-connects natural ecosystems and habitats.
Scientific theory and management practice of connectivity conservation emerged in the 1960s and is still evolving.
Connectivity conservation principles and concepts need to be supported in law to secure the connectivity needs of PA sites and systems.
Connectivity conservation law is early stages of development and primarily uses existing legal tools.
Building Capacity on Protected Areas Law & Governance
Connectivity Conservation - Intro
Overview of the Seminar
International, regional & supra-national law & connectivity conservation
Governance for connectivity conservation
Benefits of connectivity conservation
Connectivity conservation – what is it?
Objectives
Provide an overview of international, regional and supra-nationallaw that supports connectivity conservation
Provide an overview of options for governance for connectivity conservation areas
Explain the range & relationships of the benefits of connectivity conservation
Introduce the concepts and tasks involved in managing connectivity conservation
Introduce the scientific foundation of connectivity conservation
Outcomes
Understanding of the scientific basis for connectivity conservation
Awareness of the influence of connectivity conservation science on management concepts and tasks
Awareness of the benefits of connectivity conservation and of the relationships among benefits
Understanding of the factors that influence governance for connectivity conservation and of options for governance
Awareness of international, regional, and supra-national legal instruments related to connectivity conservation
Overview of the Seminar
International, regional & supra-national law & connectivity conservation
Governance for connectivity conservation
Benefits of connectivity conservation
What connectivity conservation is
Acknowledging Diversity
differences
legal tradition legal process
legal hierarchy inst’al framework
socio/eco concerns conserv priorities
Overview of the Seminar
Connectivity conservation – what is it?
What is it?
Connectivity conservation science
Managing connectivity conservation
Types of connectivity conservation
Scale of connectivity conservation
Ecological processes include biological, physical, and chemical processes that sustain
ecological systems and life as we know it.
Species population is a group of individualsof the same species that live in the same
geographical area.
Metapopulation is a population of the same species that survives in a series of disconnected
habitat patches.
Definitions…
Habitat is an area which provides the combination of resources and environmental
conditions that promotes occupancy by individuals of a given species and allows
those individuals to survive and reproduce.
Habitat fragmentation is the reduction and isolation of patches of natural ecosystems,
including landscape and seascape transformations,that break large habitat into smaller patches.
Definitions…
Components Maintains functional integrity
of natural ecosystems and their processes
Two Main Components
Functional – the natural function
that needs to be maintained
Spatial – the physical space
required for that function
to occur
Patch is a relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings.
Matrix is the background ecosystem of land-use or sea-use type in which patches and corridors
are located.
Mosaic is the broader landscape or seascape in which matrices are located.
Definitions…
Landscape/seascape corridor is a mosaic of contiguous natural cover that allows movement
between habitat patches or protected areas.
Linear corridor is a strip of land, often narrow, that provides connectivity between
habitat fragments for target species.
Stepping stone corridor is one or more separate patches between core protected areas.
Definitions
Linear, stepping stone and landscape/seascape corridors linking core areas
What is it?
What is it?
© Landesbetrieb Straßenbau NRW
What is it?
Type of connectivity Description
Habitat connectivity Connectedness between patches of habitat suitable for a particular species; localized, regional, continental or evenglobal in scope for migratory species
Landscape/seascape connectivity Human perspective of connectedness of patterns of vegetation and environmental flows within a landscape
Ecological connectivity Connectedness of ecological processes across many scales of air, water, and land, including trophic relationships, disturbance processes and hydro-ecological flows.
Evolutionary process connectivity Natural evolutionary processes that need suitable habitat on a large scale andconnectivity to permit gene flow and range expansion
Types of connectivity
Scale of connectivityLandscape/seascape configurations
Local scale (1 km) Landscape scale (1-99 km)
Regional/biogeographic scale (100-1000s of km)
Habitat corridor (linear linkage)
Hedgerows, streams, roadsides, underpasses, overpasses
Rivers & riparian vegetation, coastlines
Major river systems, mountain ranges coastal zones
Stepping stone corridor
Patches of small woods, plantations, chains of small wetlands
Woodland patches in farmland, urban parks, series of small reserves
Chains of islands, wetlands along waterfowl flight paths; seagrass patches connecting reef patches
Habitat mosaic/landscape corridors
Patchily cleared vegetation in farmland, mosaics of gardens
Mosaics of old-growth & regenerating forest
Ocean ecosystems supporting migratory marine animals
Regional scale connectivity
Patch, corridor, matrix connectivity
Management
4 management functions
Leading
Planning Evaluating
Implementing
Nature People
Management
Connectivity conservation management
Management functions…Leading
Encourage individual
“champions”
Build capacity to
implement vision
Create vision
Achieve
government support
Achieve community
support
Facilitate international
partnerships
Planning
Develop strategic plan
Integrate vision into national strategies
Develop cooperative task plans
Facilitate individual project plans
Establish transboundary plan & MoU
Management functions…
Implementing
Achieve capacity to operate
Respond to critical threats
Implement responses to national issues
Implement multiple cooperative tasks
Support individual projects
Management functions…
Evaluating
Identify needs and establish systems
Evaluate performance of national actions
Evaluate performance of cooperative tasks
Evaluate project management against objectives
Identify international needs
Management functions
Overview of the Seminar
Benefits of connectivity conservation
Connectivity conservation – what is it?
Benefits…
Biodiversity
Co-benefits for biodiversity & climate change
Climate change adaptation
Climate mitigation
Climate change adaptation
Climate change mitigation
Biodiversity
Create links between carbon sinks
Reduce impact of habitat fragmentation
Maintain ecosystem services
Build resilience
Buffernatural disasters
Benefits
Co-benefits
Co-benefits biodiversity & climate change
Capture additional carbon
Reduce carbon emissions
Support human well-being
Overview of the Seminar
Governance for connectivity conservation
Benefits of connectivity conservation
Connectivity conservation – what is it?
Governance
Type
Things to take into account
Quality
Options
Two dimensions
Type
Who
Quality
How
Type – who
Instruments/tools
Levels of decision-making
Who makes
decisions
Who participates in decision-making
processes
Powers/authority
Quality – how
Participation
Transparency
Accountability
Social equity & justice
Options
Type – a continuum of options
state-owned
state-controlled
shared
private
indigenous & local communities
IUCN Governance Types
nationalsub-national
govt-delegated
transboundary
collaborative
joint
individuals
corporations
NGOs
indigenous peoples
local communities
Things to take into account…
Bottom-up/Top-down
Scale
Tenure
Role of NGOs
Choosing instruments
Potential conflicts of laws
Governance of a connectivity conservation area is the result of processes of developing and exercising authority over time.
Connectivity conservation area governance involves clarifying which actors have rights, responsibilities and accountabilities.
A dynamic and mutually supportive balance among multiple actors and institutions should be sought through powers and instruments exercised at different levels.
Governance systems should be dependable but also adaptable, capable of responding to the ever-changing needs of in-situ conservation in the connectivity conservation area.
Things to take into account
Overview of the Seminar
International, regional & supra-national law & connectivity conservation
Governance for connectivity conservation
Benefits of connectivity conservation
Connectivity conservation – what is it?
International law
Global agreements
Regional agreements
Supra-national agreements
Global agreements
Climate Change Convention
Convention on Biological Diversity
Ramsar Convention
Convention on Migratory Species
World Heritage Convention
Other instruments
Convention on Biological Diversity
Manage areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity
Regulate or manage biological resources outside protected areas Promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the
maintenance of viable populations of species in natural surroundings
Promote environmentally sound and sustainable development in areas adjacent to protected areas
Rehabilitate and restore degraded ecosystems and promote the recovery of threatened species
Regulate or manage processes and categories of activities that cause a significant adverse effect on biological diversity
International law
Climate Change
Convention
Migratory Species
Convention
Conserve and restore habitats
World Heritage
Convention
Remove obstacles to migration
Reduce threats to species
Other instruments
Ramsar
Convention
Facilitate adequate adaptation
to climate change
REDD+
Conserve wetlands
Ensure wise use of wetlandsIntegrate natural heritage
into planning processes
Regional law
Migratory Species
Agreements
Protect areas that
migratory species need
Conserve habitats
Ensure conservation of all species
African Convention Bern Convention
Other agreements
Gorillas
Conserve habitats
African-Eurasian Waterbirds
Western Hemisphere Convention
Central America Convention
Supra-national law
European Union
EU Directives & initiatives
Effective EU enforcement
National connectivity policies
National spatial planning law
No binding EU connectivity policy
European Union
Natura 2000
EU Birds Directive EU Habitats Directive
Maintain or restore favourable conservation statusfor listed species and habitats
EU Member States designate, restore & maintain sites
Overview of the Seminar
International, regional, and supra-national law & connectivity conservation
Governance for connectivity conservation
Benefits of connectivity conservation
What is connectivity conservation?
Objectives
Provide an overview of international, regional and supra-national law related to connectivity conservation
Provide an overview of governance for connectivity conservation
Explain the range & relationships of the benefits of connectivity conservation
Introduce the concepts and tasks involved in managing connectivity conservation
Introduce the scientific foundation of connectivity conservation
Outcomes
Understanding of the scientific basis for connectivity conservation
Awareness of the challenges involved in managing connectivity conservation
Understanding of the benefits of connectivity conservation
Understanding of the factors that influence governance for connectivity conservation
Awareness of international, regional, and supra-national legal instruments that support connectivity conservation
Core Texts
Building Capacity on Protected Areas Law & Governance
Connectivity Conservation - Intro
Module 8
SeminarPresentation
knowledge transfer
Exercises
skills development
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