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Maria Isabel Toucedamtouceda@ulb.ac.be
Université Libre de Bruxelles – 4MAT
Social LCA of buildings
Life cycle of buildings
Reuse, recycling
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Life cycle of buildings
2
Use
Resource extraction
Disposal
Production
Construction
End of life
Reuse, recovery, recycling environmentally
sociallyeconomicallysustainable
Building performance
Materials
Components
Elements
Occupants
Workers
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
EU directives
Plan 20-20-20 → EPBD energy performance (DE 2002/91/CE, 2010/31/EU)
Cost-optimality of minimum energy performance (EU) No 244/2012
National regulations
Energy performance and renewable energy production
Voluntary framework
CEN Committee TC 350 - Sustainability of construction works
Normative framework for buildings
3
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
CEN TC 350 Sustainability of construction works
4
EN 16627:2015EN 16309:2014
Work program
Framework
Building
Product
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Boundaries
EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment
5
Figure. Information modules in the life cycle of buildings. Source: EN 16309:2014
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Social performance categories
EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment
6
Accessibility
Adaptability
Health and comfort
Loadings on the neighbourhood
Maintenance
Safety / security
Sourcing of materials and services*
Stakeholder Involvement*
Social performance categories
*Not considered yet in the last version of the standard (not ready for standardisation)
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
List of indicators
EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment
7
Building fabric related:operative temperature;
humidity;
air velocity and distribution;
type of activities in the room;
type of users ( e.g. activities, clothing).
User and control system-relatedoperating T can be controlled [y/n]
humidity can be controlled [y/o]
air velocity and distribution can becontrolled [y/n]
Etc.
Accessibility
Adaptability
Health and comfort
Loadings on the neighbourhood
Maintenance
Safety / security
Sourcing of materials and services*
Stakeholder Involvement*
Social performance categories
Social aspects Indicators (some examples)
Thermal characteristics
*Not considered yet in the last version of the standard (not ready for standardisation)
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
List of indicators
EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment
8
Building fabric related:
Substances and particles (declared emissions or assessed concentration)
CO (ppm), CO2, Radon [Bq/m3]
Ventilation rate (e.g. l/s)
Risk of mould growth
User and control system-related
control of ventilation [y/n]
Measurement and display of CO2 level[y/n]
Measurement of humidity [y/n]
Accessibility
Adaptability
Health and comfort
Loadings on the neighbourhood
Maintenance
Safety / security
Sourcing of materials and services*
Stakeholder Involvement*
Social performance categories
Social aspects Indicators (some examples)
Characteristics of indoor air quality
*Not considered yet in the last version of the standard (not ready for standardisation)
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Impact assessment
No valuation methods
No reference points of performance
But these could be defined by regulations, label schemes, etc.
EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment
9
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Conclusions
Only the use-stage is covered
Enables measuring and describing social performances
Does not provide valuation methods, nor levels of performance.
Societal aspects are excluded (e.g. equitability)
EN 16309:2014 Methodology social assessment
10
Assessing socioeconomic impacts of retrofitting
Life cycle of
retrofitting
Po
lVila
do
ms
pic
.BA
TEX
Brusselshousing stock
Disposal
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Context
12
Environmental targets
• Energy performance
Social cohesion
• Combating poverty
Economic growth
• Create employment, fight against social dumping
The increase of retrofitting relies on public incentives
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Goal
13
Natural environment
Natural resources
Environmental LCA
+
Socioeconomic aspects
Health
Well-being & dignity
Nature,Society
“To include socioeconomic aspects in life cycle assessment methodologies to assistdecision making related to housing retrofitting”
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Approach
14
Health
Well-being & dignity
+
Safe & healthy working conditions
Job creation in fair conditions
World Health Org.
Social HotspotDatabase
Natural environment
Natural resources
Environmental LCANature,Society
Workers
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Approach
15
Health
Well-being & dignity
Natural environment
Natural resources
Environmental LCA
+Indoor air quality
Mould and adequate indoor temperatures
Economic affordability
UNEP/SETAC
WHO
Factorsleading to poverty
Nature,Society
Users
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Approach
16
Health
Well-being & dignity
Natural environment
Natural resources
NatureSociety
The “State”
Environmental LCA
+
Contribution to economic growth Social services
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Case study - FLORAIR social housing
17
• Social housing, 60’s
• 182 households very low gross income (average 17856 €)
• Very low energy retrofitting
226.91 kWh/m2y → 29.15 kWh/m2y
• Works:
-External insulation façade panels
-New windows double glazing
-Roof: insulation + water tightness
-Ventilation system type D
“Quantify changes in sustainability due to renovation” (∆retrofit-no retrofit, 30 years)
FLORAIR I
FLORAIR IV
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Boundaries of assessment
18
Quantify changes due to renovation”
(∆retrofit-no retrofit, 30 years)
HOUSING IN USENo-retrofitting
scenario
Works in situ
Sales
Transport
USE(retrofitted-no retrofitted)
30 yearsEnd of life
Repair, maintenance
Operational energyres. extraction manufacturing
products
products
products
Bac
kgro
un
d
pro
cess
es
Fore
gro
un
d p
roce
sse
s(B
elg
ium
)
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Workforce involved
19
Metal products - Belgium
Metaux Mozambique – 2 ‰
54 % damage
to labour rightsand decent work
Figure. Contribution to damage to labour rights and decent work. Source: Social Hotspots database.
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Working hours with low risk of damageSector Ave Wage being lower than Country’s Minimum Wage
Sector Ave Wage being lower than Country’s Non-poverty Guideline
Wages being under $2 per day 315
Child Labor in sector, Total 30
Forced Labor by Sector
Excessive working time by sector
A country lacks or does not enforce Coll Bargaining rights
A country lacks or does not enforce Freed. Of Ass. Rights
A country lacks or does not enforce the Right to Strike 5
Migrant workers are treated unfairly
Results (per household)
20
Workers
PREVIOUS RETROFIT ∆(30 years)
Safe & healthy working conditions
Fatal accidents and diseases (foreground) 1.3E-05 4.1E-05 2.8E-05 [N]
Fatal accidents and diseases (background) 0.00094 0.00113 1.8E-04 [N]
Damage to labour rights and decent work
Job creation:
Foreground proc.(BE) 104 371 267 [wh fair]
Background processes 4503 4920 416 [wh]
* wh= working hours
Damage to health
(-) 0.104 DALY
Fair job creation
+ 272 working hours
WHO- global burden of disease
Social HotspotDatabase method
DALY = Disability adjusted life years(-) is avoided damages
267 + 5
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Results (per household)
21
Users
Indoor environment
Presence of mould Yes No Yes→No
Affordability
Operating costs (PV 30y- gas, ely,wtr) -37023 -26376 10646 [€]
Operating costs / disposable income -11.4% -8.1% 3.3%
*(-) expense; (+) saved;
**PV: present value
Damage to health
(-) 0.054 DALY
Disposable income
(+) 3.32 %
PREVIOUS RETROFIT ∆
PREVIOUS RETROFIT ∆(30 years)
WHO methodmould - risk of asthma
>10% fuel poverty
Fuel poverty index
After retrofitting
No-retrofitting scenario
DALY = Disability adjusted life years(-) is avoided damages
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Utility costs (gas + water + electricity) / household purchasing power
operation (passive) -social Hhtype 4p
operation (no retrof.) -social Hhtype 4p
Hh type (4p)- social tenants FLORAIR
fuel poverty line∆= (-) 3.32% year 25
(+) is an improvement
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
The State
Results (per household)
Investments & return (The "State")
Investment: works 0.00 34253 -34253 [€]
Repair & maintenance 1729 978 +750 [€]
VAT: works (received) 0 -2154 +2154 [€]
VAT: energy (received) -4477 -2629 -1848 [€]
VAT: maintenance (received) -98 -55 -42 [€]
Contribution to social security -102 -539 +437 [€]
Additional rent 0 -4700 +4700 [€]
Avoided costs
Aids to unemployment (avoided) -759 -2718 +1959 [€]
* (-) cost is an expense; (+) is received
22
Contribution to growth (30 y)
(-) 26142 €
PREVIOUS RETROFIT ∆(30 years)
Life cycle costingmethods
(-) is an expense
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Six endpoint results … and now?
Exhausting data collection
Extract conclusions for similar situations
Housing typology
Household typology
Housing conditions before works
Some examples to optimize policies
Identify priorities for intervention
(households, housing typology and conditions)
Application
23
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Application- case study
24
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
Natural resources
(Surplus cost [$])
sc 1 ∆30y
-0.0020
-0.0015
-0.0010
-0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
Natural environment
[species*year]
sc 1 ∆30y
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Damage to human health
[DALY]
FLORAIR I&IV
-30000.00
-20000.00
-10000.00
0.00
10000.00
20000.00
30000.00
Contribution to growth
[€]
sc 1 ∆30y
-25.0%
-20.0%
-15.0%
-10.0%
-5.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
Purchasing power
[%]
FLORAIR I&IV
-4000.00
-3000.00
-2000.00
-1000.00
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
Fair working hours [wh]
sc 1 ∆30y
imp
rove
men
t
-
-
-
-
-
Social housing
Heating deprivation, mould before works
Ver low-energy retrofitting
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Typologies + relevant scenarios
Application – housing stock level
25
SCENARIOS
Household
Income, tenure Previous Post-works Sourcing Degree of
intervention
Q75 Mould+Very low T Min requirem. Local Minimum
Q50 Very low T (<16ºC) Low E Conventional Complete
Q25 Mouldy app. Very low E
Social housing Heating deprivation Passive
Thermal comfort
HANKAR
scenario 0 (baseline -no retrofit) Idem
scenario 1 (as built) Q75 Mould LowE Local Complete
scenario 2 (cost-optimum) Q75 Thermal comfort LowE Local Complete
scenario 3 Q75 Thermal comfort Min req Local Complete
scenario 4 Q75 Mould LowE Conventional Complete
scenario 5 Q75 Thermal comfort LowE Conventional Complete
scenario 6 Q75 Mouldy LowE Conventional Complete
scenario 7 Q50 Mouldy LowE Local Complete
scenario 8 Q50 Thermal comfort LowE Local Complete
FLORAIR
scenario 0 (baseline -no retrofit) Idem
scenario 1 (real) social tenants Mouldy appartm very low E Local Minimum
scenario 1 bis social tenants heating deprivation Minimum
scenario 2 social tenants Thermal comfort very low E Local Minimum
scenario 3 Q25 heating deprivation very low E Local Minimum
scenario 4 Q50 heating deprivation very low E Local Minimum
scenario 5 Q25 Thermal comfort very low E Local Minimum
scenario 6 Q50 Thermal comfort very low E Local Minimum
WorksHouse conditions
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Application - comparison
26
Two typologies in similar conditions
Private houshehold - income average quartile Q25
Heating deprivation, mould before works
Ver low-energy retrofitting
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
Natural resources
(Surplus cost [$])
FLORAIR I&IV
HANKAR
-0.0020
-0.0015
-0.0010
-0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
Natural environment
[species*year]
FLORAIR I&IV
HANKAR
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Damage to human health
[DALY]
FLORAIR I&IV
HANKAR
-30000.00
-20000.00
-10000.00
0.00
10000.00
20000.00
30000.00
Contribution to growth
[€]
FLORAIR I&IV
HANKAR
-25.0%
-20.0%
-15.0%
-10.0%
-5.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
Purchasing power
[%]
FLORAIR I&IV
HANKAR
-4000.00
-3000.00
-2000.00
-1000.00
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
Fair working hours [wh]
FLORAIR I&IV
HANKAR
imp
rove
men
td
amag
e in
crea
se
-
-
-
-
-
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
-18000
-12000
-6000
0
6000
12000
18000
Natural resources (Surplus cost [$])
sc 1 ∆30y sc 2 ∆30y
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00sc 1
∆30ysc
1bis ∆30y
sc 2 ∆30y
Damage to human health [DALY]
-40000.00
-30000.00
-20000.00
-10000.00
0.00
10000.00
20000.00
30000.00
40000.00sc
1 ∆
30
y
sc 1
bis
∆3
0y
sc 2
∆3
0y
sc 3
∆3
0y
sc 4
∆3
0y
sc 5
∆3
0y
Contribution to growth
-25.0%
-20.0%
-15.0%
-10.0%
-5.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
sc 1 ∆30y
sc 3 ∆30y
sc 4 ∆30y
Purchasing power[%]
-0.0045
-0.0030
-0.0015
0.0000
0.0015
0.0030
0.0045
Natural environment [species*year]
-4000.00
-3000.00
-2000.00
-1000.00
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
Fair working hours [wh]
Typologies + relevant scenarios
Application – housing stock level
27
Social housing
Q25 Q50
Mouldy Thermal
comfortNot
mouldyQ25 Q50
Appartment
Mouldy
Low-energy
Social/ Income Q25 / Q50
Appartment
Thermal comfort
Low-energy
Social/ Income Q25 / Q50
Social housing
Q25 Q50
-
-
-
-
private
private
MARIA ISABEL TOUCEDA GOMEZ- SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS
MERCREDI DE L’INFO. L'ANALYSE SOCIALE DU CYCLE DE VIE (ASCV). 9 DÉCEMBRE 2015
Impacts on retrofitting are highly related to
Housing conditions before retrofitting (temperature, mould, energy)
Household income, ownership
Origin of products, materials, workforce
Necessary the monitoring of the housing stock
A better performance in one aspect implies other consequences
Conclusions
28
Decision making as a combination of objectives, thresholds, limits, ranges (e.g. fuel poverty line) based on baseline conditions
Questions and discussion
mtouceda@ulb.ac.be
Life cycle of
retrofitting
Po
lVila
do
ms
pic
.BA
TEX
Brusselshousing stock
Disposal
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