BY: BRETT SLAJUS Particle Physics. Standard Model of Elementary Particles Three Generations of...

BY: BRETT SLAJUS

Particle Physics

Standard Model of Elementary Particles

Three Generations of Matter (Fermions)

The Standard Model

Electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces

Dark matter, full theory of gravitation, Higgs boson

Fermions

Bosons

Quarks

Hadrons

Protons and Neutrons

Baryons and Mesons

Color Confinement

Flavour

Quark Types

J = Total Angular momentum

B = Baryon Number Q= Electric Charge Iз = Isospin

(Truth)

(Beauty)

C = CharmS = StrangenessT = Topness B’ = Bottomness

Baryons

InstabilityFields they interact withThere are 9 main Baryons and then variations

on some. Lambda particle typically can have either a Strange or a

Down Quark along with a Up and Down Quark (so its charge is 0). But, it can also exist with a Charm or Top Quark (though it will decay quicker).

The 3 most common types of quarks are Up, Down, and Strange. The other 3 exist, but are much more rare.

Some Baryon Quark Types

Proton = 2 Up Quarks + 1 Down Quark Charge = 2 (+2/3) + 1 (-1/3) = +1

Neutron = 1 Up Quark + 2 Down Quarks Charge = 1 (+2/3) + 2(-1/3) = 0

Lambda = 1 Up Quark + 1 Down Quark + 1 Charm or Strange or Top or Bottom Quark Charge Strange Lambda = 1 (+2/3) + 2 (-1/3) = 0

Other types: Sigma, Xi, Omega

Anitquarks

Antiparticles

Magnitude and charge

Symbols u = up quark u = antiup quark

Mesons

Quark and an anti-quark.

Pions are the lightest known Meson and have no isospin.

Like Baryons, there are many derivations of the same meson, but just with different types of particles.

Strong, weak and electromagnetic forces

Some Meson Quark Types

Pion = 1 Up Quark + 1 Anti-Down Quark Charge = 1 (+2/3) + 1 (+1/3) = +1

Kaon = 1 Strange Quark + 1 Anti-Up or Anti-Down Quark (Anti-Up) Charge = 1 (-1/3) + 1 (-2/3) = -1

Other examples of Mesons: Eta, D Meson, and B Meson.

Color Charge

Not actual colorsSymbolic

Form a “colorless” mass

Color Confinement

Anti Colors

Quark Colors

Anti-Quark Colors

Leptons

Sub atomic particleElectron3 GenerationsForces – Weak,

Electromagnetic, Gravitational

Neutrinos

Charge

Not faster than the speed of light…

3 forms

Forces affected by

How they are made

Lepton Properties

Antileptons

Like Quarks, there is an antiparticle version of Leptons. They are Antileptons. (Clever names.)

Magnitudes and Signs

Neutrino theories

Positron

Atoms & Exotic Atoms

Standard Atom formation

Exotic Atom substitutions

Effects on size, mass and shape of atom structure

Onium

Type of Exotic Atom

What is an Onium?

Electron + Positron = ____ (Not stable, however, but it still counts for a brief moment in time (Explanation on next slide for parenthetical commentary))

Mesons and Onium

Size of Onium

Positron Annihilation

Positron + Electron = 2 Gamma RaysPositron Annihilation is used in PET (Positron

Emission) Brain Mapping Isotopes

PET Scan

Gauge Bosons

They’re particles too!

Photons

Gluons

Z and W

Gluon

Strong force

Vector boson

Colors and Anti- Colors

Photons

Electro magnetic forceVector boson tooAdvancements in lasers, photochemistry,

Bose-Einstein condensation research, high resolution microscopy, lasers, and measuring molecular distances.

W and Z Bosons

Actually three Weak ParticlesThe W stands for “Weak”The W’s are positively and negatively

charged whereas the Z particle is neutral (Zero charge)

What the Ws do Mediators of neutrino absorption and emission

What the Zs do Only when neutrinos scatter elastically

W and Z Bosons continued

They have mass while the others don’t due to Higgs Mechanics.

This is because they have electroweak interactions, which is the combination of weak and electromagnetism.

W’ and Z’ Bosons

Graviton & Higgs Boson

Mediate force of Gravitation

Standard Model Theory

It would have no mass nor a charge, but a spin of 2. This is because of the stress-energy tensor which is the source of the gravitational field of an object.

“God Particle”

Reason for mass

Hasn’t been discovered, only thoerized

Would fill all places in space where there is neither matter nor anti-matter nor dark matter

The End