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Functional Approach to Braille
By Donna Brostek Lee, Ph.D.Clinical Assistant Professor
University of Kentucky
An overview of Diane P. Wormsley’s book from AFB Press, 2004
Braille Literacy: A Functional Approach
Phonics Whole Language Basal Reader Literature-Based Language Experience Functional Approach
Approaches to Teaching Reading
A 12 step program designed for non-traditional braille learners including those with:◦ Cognitive impairments◦ Deaf-blindness◦ Physical limitations
Functional Braille Literacy Program
Functional Vision/Learning Media Assessment
Contracted or Uncontracted braille?
Differences between learning to read print and braille?
Step 1: Determine whether braille will be the literacy medium, and which form of braille to use
Create labels for the classroom and home Model reading and writing braille
◦ Books◦ Braille writer◦ State and stylus◦ Notetakers and refreshable braille displays
Step 2: Create a braille-rich environment
Words of meaning Part of the daily routine
◦ Calendars Interview
◦ Parents/Caregivers◦ Teachers
Step 3: Select the individualized reading and writing vocabulary
Elements of a good flash card:◦ Size (at least 3x5)◦ Top right corner cut for orientation◦ 2-5 lead line◦ Texture/material of card
Integrating technology:◦ Talking card readers (i.e. VoxCom)◦ iOS apps (i.e. Digit-Eyes, QR code
creators/readers)◦ Lifescribe Pen
Step 4: Create word boxes and flash cards and teach the first key words
Posture/Positing of student:◦ Proper seating ◦ Non-slip surface
Inefficient Characteristics:◦ Scrubbing◦ Regressions◦ Pauses◦ Searching Motions◦ Erratic Movements
Step 5: Teach tactile perception and letter-recognition skills through proper hand and finger usage in tracking activities
Types of hand movements:◦ Right or left hand only◦ Right hand reads – left marks◦ Parallel◦ Split◦ Scissors
Step 5 Cont.
Assessments:◦ DIBELS
Texas Primary Reading Inventory Teaching:
◦ Imbed into teaching (steps 8 & 10)◦ Use formal phonics programs
Step 6 & 7: Assess & teach phonemic awareness
Tools:◦ Braille writer◦ Slate and stylus◦ Mountbatten◦ Notetakers◦ iOS devices with refreshable braille displays or
tactile overlays Adapted Equipment:
◦ Extension keys for the braille writer◦ Adapted braillers (light touch, uni-brailler, etc.)
The Role of Spelling and Contractions
Step 8: Develop writing skills - mechanics and process
Label important items in school and home◦ Music◦ Recipes ◦ Phone Numbers
Notes◦ Pen Pals◦ Instant messaging with friends via braille displays
(i.e. iOS devices, computer with braille display, etc.)
Step 9: Create functional uses for reading and writing
1. Use repetition2. Repeat new words3. Start with short sentences4. Slowly decrease spacing5. Create a book of stories6. Encourage rhyming (Dr. Suess books)
Step 10: Create stories
Tracking progress:◦ Word lists◦ Letters/contractions mastered◦ Phonics patterns mastered
Ways of Monitoring Progress◦ Charts or reward boards (encourage student to
participate as appropriate)◦ Utilize technology (Excel, tablets, etc.)◦ Include in IEP goals
Step 11: Keep detailed records and use diagnostic teaching
When new vocabulary is needed Possible curriculums to transition to:
◦ For Children: Patterns
◦ For Adults: Braille Too The Braille Connection
Step 12: Watch for when to move to a more traditional academic approach
Share your struggles with teaching braille . . . How might the Functional Braille Approach help your student?
Brainstorming:
Braille Literacy: A Function Approach by Diane P. Wormsley from AFB Press (2004)
www.afb.org
Paperback: $39.95e-book (ePUB or Kindle): $27.95
Note: Information provided during this presentation is copyrighted by Dr. Wormsley as part of the above named book
For More Information:
Presented by:Dr. Donna Brostek Lee
Clinical Assistant ProfessorProgram Faculty Chair
University of KentuckyDepartment of Early Childhood, Special Education, and
Rehabilitation Counseling229 Taylor Education Building
Lexington, KY 40506-0001
Phone: (859) 257-1520
E-mail: donna.b.lee@uky.eduWebsite: www.donnablee.com
An Equal Opportunity University
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