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CAPUT XVII: Relative Clauses
More than you probably want to know about
relatives! Not these..... These are
Augustus’s relatives!
What we’ll cover • What is a clause? • The English relative clause • The English relative pronoun • The Latin relative pronoun • Latin relative clauses
What is a clause? • Any thought, idea, or event which is
expressed in language Clause 1: Rufilla is unhappy. Clause 2: Rufilla lives far fom London. 2 clauses: Rufilla is unhappy because she lives far fom London. 2 clauses: Rufilla, who lives far fom London, is unhappy.
An English Relative Clause is... ... a “giant mutant adjective” clause, giving us
information about a noun in another clause.
Let’s look at an example showing how the relative clause evolves.....
Clause 1: The boys are not listening to the master. Clause 2: The master is reading a very long story.
Here’s an example – we have two single clauses:
Relative Clause
Step 1: Clause 1: The boys are not listening to the master. Clause 2: The master is reading a very long story. Substitute a pronoun for “master” in Clause 2. Clause 1: The boys are not listening to the master. Clause 2: He is reading a very long story.
Now, we’ll weave the two clauses into one sentence – with a Main Clause and a relative clause describing a noun in the Main Clause.
Weave into one sentence
Weave them together into one sentence..... MAIN CLAUSE: The boys are not listening to the master, RELATIVE CLAUSE: ? is reading a very long story.
who
Step 2: Clause 1: The boys are not listening to the master. Clause 2: He is reading a very long story.
giant mutant adjective describing the master
English Relative Pronoun • The English relative pronoun has cases – just
like in Latin! PEOPLE/ANIMALS ANIMALS/THINGS
Nominative who which Acusative whom which Note: 1. In English, we often say “that” instead of “who,””whom,” or “which.”
The boy whom I like plays basketball becomes The boy that I like plays basketball
2. In English we also can omit the relative pronoun altogether. The boy I Iike plays basketball.
THIS CANNOT HAPPEN IN LATIN – LATI N MUST ALWAYS USE A RELATIVE PRONOUN
Another Example • Clause 1: The slave is terrified. • Clause 2: The bull is chasing the slave.
• Clause 1: The slave is terrified. • Clause 2: The bull is chasing the slave.
Step 1: Replace “slave” in Clause 2 with a pronoun – what pronoun?
Clause 1: The slave is terrified. Clause 2: The bull is chasing __?__.
Now, we’ll weave the two clauses into one sentence – with a Main Clause and a relative clause describing a noun in the Main Clause.
him
Clause 1: The slave is terrified. Clause 2: The bull is chasing him. Step 2A: Merge the two sentences.... The slave – the bull is chasing him – is terrified
Step 2B: A bit more work to make one MAIN CLAUSE and one RELATIVE CLAUSE
The slave – the bull is chasing him – is terrified Now, replace the pronoun “him” with a relative pronoun –
what relative pronoun?
whom
Final Adjustments The slave – the bull is chasing whom - is terrified. That’s not how we really would say it.... So, move the relative pronoun – whom – to the
beginning of the relative clause.... And EUGE! The slave, whom the bull is chasing, is terrified.
giant mutant adjective describing the slave
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