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7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: COMMUNITY-BASED MARINE MANAGEMENT FOUNDATION, Indonesia
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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Indonesia
COMMUNITY-BASEDMARINE MANAGEMENTFOUNDATION
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Community-Based Marine Management Foundation, and the guidance a
inputs o Sandra Tjan, Indonesian LMMA Network. All photo credits courtesy o the Community-Based Marine Management Foundati
Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Community-Based Marine Management Foundation, Indonesia. Equator Initiative C
Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=8587/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: COMMUNITY-BASED MARINE MANAGEMENT FOUNDATION, Indonesia
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PROJECT SUMMARYThe Community-based Marine Management Foundationcoordinates conservation, environmental education andlivelihoods programming centred on locally-managedmarine areas in 26 sites across eastern Indonesia. Among itsinnovative conservation work, the oundation has supportedvillages in the Padaido Islands to use GPS technologiesto map local marine resources, helping them to resist thedestructive eects o commercial shing companies.
The oundation has also has mainstreamed environmentaleducation into schools in ve dierent regions o Indonesia,
through the design o unique conservation modules or 27primary schools, each ocusing on the species o greatestimportance to the local people. In Jayapura, meanwhile,shers have become procient in developing home-made Fish Aggregation Devices to improve sh catches.These traditional and modern approaches have broughtsubstantial benets to member communities, and haveoten led to their adoption by local government.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2008
FOUNDED: 2003
LOCATION: Eastern Indonesia, based on Biak island
BENEFICIARIES: Fishing communities
BIODIVERSITY: 26 Locally Managed Marine Areas
3
COMMUNITY-BASED MARINEMANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONIndonesia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 6
Biodiversity Impacts 10
Socioeconomic Impacts 11
Policy Impacts 12
Sustainability 13
Partners 13
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4
he Republic o Indonesias 17,508 islands support the worlds
econd-highest level o biodiversity ater Brazil, and are second only
o Australia in terms o endemism, with 36% o their 1,531 species
bird and 39% o their 515 species o mammal being endemic.
he country has a range o marine and coastal ecosystems along its
0,000 miles o coastline, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries,
mangroves, coral rees, sea grass beds, coastal mudats, tidal ats,
lgal beds, and small island ecosystems. The islands orm part o
he Coral Triangle, an area containing the worlds greatest diversity
coral ree sh, with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia
lone. The threats o over-shing and warming, acidiying, and rising
ceans have made the country a priority or marine conservation
rogrammes. Despite having the largest economy in SoutheastAsia, 13.3% o Indonesias 238 million people were living below
he poverty line in 2010; many live in remote provinces with poor
nrastructure and low levels o human development, relying on
ubsistence agriculture and artisanal shing or their livelihoods.
Devolving marine management to coastal communities
he locally-managed marine area approach was rst introduced in
ndonesia as a solution to the threat o declining marine resources
n 2003. During the late 1990s, the World Wildlie Funds Biodiversity
Conservation Network worked closely with two local NGOs in the
adaido Islands, north o Papua, to promote community-based
oastal management by establishing an ecotourism venture.his eort subsequently involved the Indonesian Environmental
Conservation Foundation (Yayasan KEHATI). The experience o
nvolving local communities in the conservation and sustainable use
marine resources led to the ormation in 2003 o the Community-
ased Marine Management Foundation (Yayasan Pengelolaan
okal Kawasan Laut), based on the island o Biak. This brought
ogether conservation proessionals, academics rom Cenderawasih
University, and local people in an attempt to regulate over-shing
hrough community engagement.
Yayasan Pengelolaan Lokal Kawasan Laut(PLKL) grew quickly w
eastern Indonesia to encompass other areas o Papua, West Papua
the Maluku Islands. While the catalyst or its ormation was decl
sh species numbers, the group was also ounded to address
need to secure local communities rights to access and sustain
manage their natural resources. The organizations initial goal
to create and share a community-based, sustainable, and equit
marine resources management model or the coastal areas and s
islands o eastern Indonesia. This has comprised strengthening
institutions, supporting community-based conservation activ
assisting communities to use marine resources sustainably,
developing locally-relevant environmental education programm
Background and Context
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PLKL works alongside local communities to establish loc
managed marine areas in which shing is regulated by zo
These regulations generally include seasonal shing and harve
restrictions, bans on destructive shing methods such as the u
explosives, and establishing Marine Protected Areas that unctio
permanent no-take zones. The basis or these regulations has b
the revival o a traditional resource management system kn
as sasi; the reintroduction o this community-based approac
regulating shing practices aims at both conserving certain
species and ecosystems and sustainably managing shing stoc
local shermen. As o 2011, PLKL had assisted in establishing 26
operational Locally-Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs). Their
has led to the substantial recovery o key species populations
increases in shing stocks.
Alongside its marine management work, PLKL has also wo
closely with universities and schools to develop environme
curricula that raise awareness o important local conserva
priorities and promote eective marine resource managem
In total, PLKL is currently engaged in more than 50 conserva
education and livelihoods projects. Partnerships with the WWildlie Foundation and The Nature Conservancy have allo
the organization to substantially and rapidly increase its inu
within eastern Indonesia since 2007 through the replication o
LMMA and educational models. PLKL has also played a key ro
the LMMA Network in southern Asia and the Pacic, working clo
with LMMA projects in the Philippines, Palau, the Federated S
o Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Fiji,
Vanuatu.
Fig. 1: Community-Based Marine Management Foundation sites
ource: Community-Based Marine Management Foundation
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Key Activities and Innovations
LKLs activities are categorized into three programme areas:
onservation, environmental education, and livelihoods.
Conservation Programme
he conservation programme consists o establishing Locally-
Managed Marine Areas in partnership with community-based
organizations and international partners. There are 26 LMMAs in
he PLKL network, clustered in ve areas o eastern Indonesia. In
ach o these areas, the oundation has begun by working with
one community to help them establish and adaptively manage
n LMMA. Within this area, a community may decide to establish
protected zones and limited use zones, or sasi areas, whichave restrictions on harvesting. For example, they may allow only
easonal harvesting o key species o a certain size, and only using
ertain shing methods. These projects are each given ofcial LMMA
tatus once they have been established and meet the guidelines o
he LMMA Network.
Within sasiareas, some zones are demarcated as complete no-take
ones or key species. These are designated as Marine Protected
Areas (MPAs). To date, more than 25 MPAs have been recognized
by local government authorities. In addition, the community may
ecide to place other restrictions on shing methods in their LMMA
outside their sasiand MPA zones. The LMMA approach has helped
o increase the abundance, size and diversity o marine speciesboth inside and outside the restricted areas, and to improve local
ncomes through the sustainable harvesting o marine resources.
he conservation programme o work has expanded rapidly since
ts inception in Biak; the graph below shows a sharp increase in
onservation sites between 2007 and 2009, due to new collaborative
partnerships with The Nature Conservancy and World Wildlie
oundation.
LKL provides training and technical support to the groups it
works with in marine management. Training is given on issues such
as community outreach and organizing; participatory plan
identication o the communitys vision, target resources, thr
and solutions; development o measurable objectives; comm
mapping o natural resources; and creation o culturally approp
and scientically valid LMMAs and sasi areas. PLKL also acili
networking and knowledge sharing between the dierent LM
sites. This is conducted through periodic cross-site visits
annual network meetings where representatives rom the va
communities exchange knowledge peer-to-peer and share les
learned rom their respective experiences.
Environmental Education Programme
The environmental education programme complements
implementation o community-based marine management. In 2
PLKL began working with six primary schools in Tanah Merah B
support teachers in developing new environmental-based curr
These are taught to the th-grade level; each schools curricul
unique to its village, with subjects selected according to their
relevance. Learning modules are based on two books and cove
semesters. In 2010, the department o education in Jayapura Di
legally recognized the environmental education modules in th
pilot schools in Tanah Merah Bay. Environmental issues have
been included as a test subject or all schools in the area. By
2011, the education program had expanded to include 27 prim
schools, 72 teachers, 990 students and 31 local conservation gracross eastern Indonesia.
Livelihoods Programme
Finally, the livelihoods programme was introduced in 2008
the aim o developing viable alternative sources o incom
local shermen, thereby enhancing conservation by increasing
economic sustainability o LMMAs. This programme is still in its i
stages and has so ar been implemented at our sites.
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Expansion across eastern Indonesia
rom its initial base in Biak, PLKL has rapidly expanded its geographical
each. The organization either directly or collaboratively manages
rojects in ve areas in eastern Indonesia Padaido Islands, Tanah
Merah Bay, Kei Islands, Raja Ampat Islands, and Sausapor Abun as
well as having recently established a project in Timor Leste.
iak, Padaido Islands: Since 2003, the Padaido Islands project has
een managed by the PLKL Program Secretariat and the Faculty
Mathematics and Science at Cenderawasih University, based
n Biak. Six environmental education programmes and six village
onservation programmes have been developed with several small
sland and village communities on the east coast o Biak, including
aba Village and the islands o Auki and Meos Mangguandi. Localommunities initially carried out participatory mapping and zoning
ctivities, leading to the creation o six LMMAs. Meos Mangguandi
sland has been the site o a pilot eco-enterprise project, in which
eed capital has been provided to households to produce sh and
oconut oil products. Currently, the community-based marine
management approach in the islands is being adopted by the local
overnment. Environmental education programmes have also been
eveloped in six villages on Biak.
Tanah Merah Bay, Papua:Tanah Merah Bay in Jayapura, Papua, wa
second area in which PLKL implemented its models o commu
based marine management and environmental education. LMwere established in the villages o Tablasupa, Tablanusa,
Demoi in 2004, managed by the PLKL Programme Secret
and Cenderawasih University in partnership with Lembaga
Kampung, a village customs union; this has since increased to
conservation sites, as well as six environmental education proje
Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku Islands: The Kei Islands, locate
the south-eastern part o the Maluku Islands, have seen one LM
established. PLKL programmes in this area are concentrate
Rutong Village in the Ambon Bay sub-district o Baquala, Am
City. The LMMA in this region was rst implemented by the
community in partnership with the Faculty o Fishery and M
Science at Pattimura University and YayasanPaparisa, a local Nin 2004. There are also three educational projects currently b
administered.
Sausapur Abun, Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua: In 2009,
partnered with The Nature Conservancy as part o its work with
Coral Triangle Initiative to establish conservation and environm
education programmes in Raja Ampat Islands, in West Papua. T
currently include six LMMAs and projects in six village schools. W
Indonesia and PLKL collaboratively manage 14 projects in Saus
Abun, on the northern coast o the Birds Head Peninsula o
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Conservation Programme Environmental Education Programme Livelihoods Programme
Fig. 2: Growth of PLKLs programme areas, 2003-2010
Source: Community-Based Marine Management Foundation
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Papua. In 2010, WWF requested oundations support in introducing
he LMMA model in Jamursba Medi, the site o one o the worlds
argest leatherback sea turtle nesting areas.
Timor Leste: Finally, in late 2011, with support rom Conservation
nternational (CI) and the Coral Triangle Support Partnership, the
oundation expanded its work to a community in Timor Leste.
Workshops have been given in programme planning, programme
management, mapping, biological monitoring, CPUE data collectionnd analysis, and socioeconomic data collection.
PLKL has been able to ensure a high level o management capacity
cross its sites through extensive peer-to-peer knowledge exchange.
ts workshops have engaged more than 1,500 participants since 2003,
llowing conservation practitioners to learn rom the successul
examples o other initiatives in eastern Indonesia, and receive
raining on management and conservation techniques. These have
ncluded training on Community-based Adaptive Management, a
key component o the LMMA approach to conservation. Techniques
or biological monitoring have included photo-transect surveying,
while trainings have also ocused on socioeconomic monitoring and
developing environmental education modules or primary schools.
nnovations and locally-appropriate technologies
Beyond the creation o Locally-Managed Marine Areas, PLKL
ontinues to play a substantial role in helping to develop the
apacity o local management bodies and to implement innovatory
pproaches to conservation.
Participatory mapping: Dierent communities have developed
pecic areas o expertise over time, and have shared innovative
pproaches within the LMMA network. The Padaido and Meos
Mangguandi sites, or example, prioritized the mapping o their
marine resources as a response to external pressures on theiresources. The highest risk to these communities came rom the
ocal government authorities issuing permits to national and
nternational commercial shing companies to operate within their
marine areas, including their traditional shing grounds. This led to
he depletion o sh stocks, and involved shing techniques such
s the use o explosives and chemicals, causing severe damage to
oral rees.
Since 2003, villages in the Padaido Islands have used GPS mapping
o resist these pressures on their LMMAs. Maps have allowed
ommunities to evaluate the extent o damage to coral rees and
o raise awareness among villagers o the LMMA boundaries. The
process has involved village and sub-district governments as active
llies in conservation by approving the maps once they have been
developed, while shing permits have been granted to local people
by the Fishery Department. A local radio station Radio Republik
ndonesia has also helped to educate these shing communities
on their harvesting rights. The Padaido Island communities are now
procient in the use o GPS or mapping, and have become known
s community mappers.
Fish Aggregation Devices:The Tanah Merah Bay conservation g
or their part, has become procient in developing Fish Aggreg
Devices. These buoy-like devices are placed along the borde
traditional shing areas to attract sh species, and also serv
demarcate shing limits. These devices are constructed usin
average o 60-70% recycled local materials. Rubber rom used
(at an average cost o USD 30) has been substituted in plac
expensive nylon ropes (which cost between USD 200-300.) T
devices have become a source o income generation or sherin the Tanah Merah Bay communities.
Sustainable harvesting o high-value marine species:The Tani
Kei and Ohoiren communities, meanwhile, based in the Ma
Islands, have become well-known or their success in harve
sea cucumbers and large Trochus sea snails by re-introducing
resource-use customs, and planting seaweed lines to attract t
high-value species.
In March-April 2010, a knowledge exchange tour took p
involving these three agship conservation project sites,
Meos Mangguandi and Padaido, Tana Merah Bay, and Tanim
Kei and Ohoiren. Each group shared their respective knowledgcommunity-based mapping, producing Fish Aggregation Dev
and sustainably rearing sea cucumbers. PLKL has subseque
ocused on establishing these three groups as Learning Centre
widespread dissemination o these practices, and to acilitate
entry o new communities into the Indonesia LMMA network:
1. Tanimbar Kei, South East Maluku: Learning Centre or tradit
sasi management o marine resources;
2. Meos Manguandi, Biak, Papua: Learning Centre or participa
mapping;
3. Tanah Merah Bay, Jayapura, Papua: Learning Centre
environmentally-riendly shing tools.
Tailored environmental education modules
PLKLs environmental education programme has also
recognized as an innovation in conservation. The curricu
developed by the oundation and teachers at Tablasupa pri
school in Tanah Merah Bay was selected as a best practice o
eleven eastern Indonesian provinces by the World Banks Sup
Ofce or Eastern Indonesia (SOEI). This has encouraged teac
rom remote areas to compile and produce their own environm
education materials in their schools, and has led to invitations
local government authorities in eastern Indonesia to present
environmental education programme models.
Establishing LMMAs: fve case studies
The process o creating Locally-Managed Marine Areas is illust
by the case o ve villages on Misool Island, in Raja Ampat, du
2007. PLKL and The Nature Conservancy acilitated the establishm
o LMMAs in partnership with Kapatcol, Lilinta, Biga, Gamta,
Magey village communities. Each village decided to set asid
least 10 to 40 square kilometers o marine area to serve as e
protected or limited use zones; these zones are still in place to
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Species such as sea cucumber, Trochus, lobster, and herbivore shes
re protected within these zones or specied open and closed
easons. Local people can only harvest those species within the
mited use zones, which border the protected zones, and within the
open shing area. They also harvest only ater monitoring activities
have been conducted by community members to ensure that the
ize and density o species meet the highest economic value. The
ommunity members themselves conduct the monitoring once
every three months. When the monitoring results indicate that thepecies are ready to harvest, the local people hold a community
meeting, acilitated by the village conservation group, during which
hey discuss when to harvest and how to market the catch.
The Kapatcol community designated a small island, Fayalpop, as the
ite or their LMMA. This island is surrounded by sea grass meadows,
oral rees and sanded areas. A biological survey conducted by TNC
ogether with the local people ound that this island ecosystem was
n important habitat or lobster, trochus, sea cucumber and sh
pecies.
The community designated 20 square kilometres as a protected zone
nd 40 square kilometres as the limited use zone. The remainingmarine area outside the zones is an open shing area. During the
rst phase o the LMMAs implementation, the limited use zone was
losed or three years.
The Lilinta community, on the other hand, declared 15 square
kilometres as a protected zone and 40 square kilometres or limited
use; this was closed or two years. Biga village established a smaller
LMMA area, with 10 km2 reserved as a protected zone, and 20 km2 or
limited use. Similarly to Kapatcol, the limited use zone was dec
closed or three years in its rst phase. Gamta and Magey villa
nally, created a shared LMMA, covering their combined m
resource area. They set aside 15 km2 as a protected zone, and 30
or limited use, which was closed or three years.
In the case o Gamta and Magey, the villages chose to implem
both religious and customary orms o sasi. PLKL and its pa
organizations are sensitive to dierences in local cultural sensibidierent orms osasiare used depending on the respective stre
o traditional customs or religious belie. Since the majority o G
community members are Muslim, their religious sasi cerem
was conducted based on their Islamic belie, while the M
community conducted theirs according to their Christian be
The communities shared one customary sasiceremony, condu
by traditional leaders.
The dierent experiences o the villages on Misool Island demons
that implementation o LMMAs is highly individualized, and i
entirely to the decisions o the local community. While the gro
do ollow general LMMA guidelines in establishing protected
limited use zones, the legitimacy o the regulations resides in local cultural relevance. Community-based Adaptive Managem
approaches ensure that local people are the nal arbiters in LM
implementation.
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Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSLKLs initiatives have signicantly increased marine biological
iversity at its various LMMA sites. Protected and limited use zones
llow key species to regenerate, and, in some cases, enable rare or
ndangered species to return to an area. This has been the case
t several sites, where anecdotal evidence has attested to greater
pecies density and diversity. Sustainable shing regulations have
meant that sh stocks remain at healthy levels. This is evidenced by
igher recorded catches or local shermen. Bans on destructive
shing practices also mean that the ecological integrity o the LMMA
reas as a whole is vastly improved, as measured by greater coral
ealth. Community awareness-raising and environmental education
nitiatives support PLKLs work in conservation.
Visible conservation benefts o no-take zones
iodiversity impacts vary depending on the type o LMMA that
as been established. In some cases, sasi areas are ull no-take
ones; these can cover vast areas o coral rees, allowing high levels
biological diversity to ourish. For instance, in the Tablanusu
ommunity in Tanah Merah Bay, seven kilometres o coral rees
re managed as a no-take sasi zone. Communities in the Padaido
slands have established a no-take zone measuring over one
undred hectares. In these areas, key species are entirely protected
rom human activities. The no-take approach has resulted in higher
pecies diversity in many sites. In the Kei Island community oOhoiran, or instance, the number o species o sea cucumber has
ncreased rom two to six since no-take sasizones were introduced.
Ecological and economic monitoring
Anecdotal evidence is supplemented by rigorous scientic data
ollection. Baseline data were collected in all o the sites to measure
he impact o the LMMAs. Monitoring has involved community
olunteers, who have recorded sightings o key species to
measure the targeted impact o marine management in their sites.
Socioeconomic data have also been collected to compile bproles o the target populations and assess the economic g
rom community-based resource management. Catch Per
Eort (CPUE) data have been collected semi-annually or pe
o ourteen days in nine villages since 2008. These gures pro
evidence o the positive impacts or both conservation and pov
reduction. Monitoring data have revealed high numbers o Tro
sea snails in the Kei Island communities, an important indic
species or ecological health.
Other sites have seen signicant increases in coral cover. S
data collected in 2000, 2005, and 2010 on coral cover at M
Mangguandi have demonstrated increasing levels o coral he
Similar results have been seen at Auki Island, where the creatiothree MPAs between 2002 and 2007 allowed coral rees to rec
substantially rom their degraded states by 2010.
Environmental education underpinning conservation
Environmental education has supplemented PLKLs conserva
activities by raising awareness o key species among primary sc
pupils. Similarly to the creation o LMMAs, these environme
education modules are highly individualized, ocusing on the sp
o the greatest importance or local people. The table below sh
the dierent modules that have so ar been developed in partne
with primary school teachers. The success o this programme ha
to it being adopted by local government authorities.
PLKL has also worked with Cenderawasih University and
Fisheries Academy at Biak to develop an LMMA Site Assist
Programme. This enables students to carry out a portion o
studies at LMMA sites. To date, 45 students have been suppo
to participate in activities such as biological monitoring and C
studies. The initiative has assisted Cenderawasih Universit
establishing its Applied Marine Studies Centre, which aims to e
a new generation o students to play a role in the manageme
LMMAs in Indonesia.
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SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
PLKLs Locally-Managed Marine Areas have had substantial
ocioeconomic benets or the communities that manage them.
These benets include both higher income generation rom
mproved catch sizes and enhanced community wellbeing resulting
rom their role in resource management processes.
To date, ten o the twenty-six LMMA sites have reported signicantncreases in the abundance o indicator species and in income. Across
he ten sites, increases have ranged rom 150% to 1,644%. Increases
n species numbers have been seen both within sasi areas and in
he surrounding waters, indicating that the no-take zones have had
positive impacts on wider ecological health. For example, in Kei
sland communities, abundance o sea cucumbers has increased
by 1,644% inside the area and by more than twenty times ou
the area since the creation o LMMAs. This has resulted in a
15% increase in income or collectors. In Tanimbar Kei, the tro
catch increased by 483% over a period o our years. This resu
in income increases o 22-30%. In Tablasupa village, in Ta
Merah Bay, meanwhile, the population o rabbitsh has increase
1,467% inside the sasiarea and by 1,895% in the surrounding
resulting in a 15-19% increase in income or local shermen.
Sharing in the benefts o sustainable management
Prots rom shing have oten been equitably shared w
participating communities. For example, Ohoiren village in th
Islands opened their marine area to harvest sea cucumbers
a closure period o 10 months. The harvest was sold throug
11
Focal Areas Name of school Learning module topic
Tanah Merah Bay,
Jayapura, Papua
1 SD YPK Tablasupa Coral Ecosystem at Serye Bo
2 SD YPK Tablanusu Tablanusu Coastal Ecosystem
3 SD YPK Demoikisi Conservation o Sea Cucumber at Sombiyei
4 SD Inpress Depapre Conservation o Orupre River
5 SD YPK Kantumilena Turtle
6 SD YPK Meukisi Sea grass Ecosystem in Tobesikana, Meukisi
Biak, Papua
7 SD YPK Uru Fauna at Mangrove Forest at Ayundi and Wabudi
8 SD YPK Sbruria Limestone Mining at Karyendi, Ambroben Village
9 SD YPK Opiare Ecosystem Yenbemawa Beach, Opiare Village
10 SD YPK Ibdi Flora at Mangrove Forest at Neer Inggambras, Ibdi Village
11 SD YPK Saba Conservation o sago at Saba Village12 SD Inpress Sundey Agathis Forest at Sundey Village
Raja Ampat Islands
13 SD Negeri Faanlap Trochus Conservation
14 SD Negeri Harapan Jaya Lobster at Jaganan Island, Harapan Jaya Villages
15 SD YPK Tomolol Potential o Sea cucumber at Mabel, Tomolol
16 SD Negeri Lilinta Mangrove Ecosystem at Walol, Lilinta Village
17 SD YPK Deer Sea grass Ecosystem at Yenyar, Deer Village
18 SD YPK Dibalal Coral Ree at Jailolo Island, Dibalal Village
Sausapor Abun
19 SD Negeri Waibem Sea Cucumber
20 SD YPK Kwor Tanaman keladi
21 SD YPK Werbes Mangrove Ecosystem
22 SD YPK Werur Coral Ree at Dua Islands (Pulau Dua)
23 SD YPK Saubeba Turtle
24 SD Inpress Sausapor Coral Ree at Oran Beach, Sausapor
Kei Islands, Southeast
Maluku Islands
25 SD Nasional Katolik Ohoiren Conservation o Sea Cucumber at Loontawod
26 SD Kristen Ohoira Hawear (sasi) at Ohoira Village
27 SD Kristen Tanimbar Kei Trochus
Table 1: Environmental Education Programs
Source: Community-Based Marine Management Foundation
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open bidding process, and prots were shared among the main
takeholders in the initiative: 70% o the total revenue was given
o the local church, which played a lead role in establishing the
villages conservation plan, with a urther 10% going to the village
government, and 10% to the conservation group.
Since 2010, PLKL has assisted communities in developing alternative
ivelihood projects at LMMA sites, in response to their requests
or assistance in diversiying their income base. PLKLs alternativeivelihood program is helping to identiy sources o income to
upport community members during limited use zone closure
periods. The group has developed a community training program
or assessing the easibility o alternative livelihood projects an
implementing them. To date, this has been undertaken in our
but remains in its pilot phase.
POLICY IMPACTS
Since 2002, the oundation has been assisting communitie
developing regulations or resource management. These are g
legal status by sub-district government authorities, strengtheinstitutional ties between the LMMA initiatives and
government policies. PLKL has helped communities to mee
required standards or resource regulations, with legal support
the law department at Brawijaya University, in Malang, East Java
graph below shows the number o sites currently with and wit
resource regulations: eleven sites have so ar had their u
regulations recognized by government authorities. These proce
have also involved legal recognition o the resource maps prod
by the LMMA projects.
PLKLs practice o establishing resource regulations in tandem
local groups has gained signicant regional recognition. In 2
the Regional Development Planning Agency in Maluku invthe oundation to share their models and approaches or na
resources management with small island communities. A work
was held with support rom UNDP Indonesia to allow PLKL to sha
experiences with these processes with small island representat
12
Fig. 3: Coastal Zone Management Plan Development
Source: Community-Based Marine Management Foundation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Sites in process o developing Coastal Zone Management Plans
Sites with Coastal Zone Management Plans
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Sustainability
SUSTAINABILITYo ensure the sustained impacts o PLKLs initiatives in eastern
ndonesia, various strategies have ocussed on increasing the
ustainability both o the LMMA sites themselves and o the
ndonesia LMMA network as a whole.
n the ormer category, diversiying local incomes through sustainable
co-enterprises, capacity building with local conservation groups,
nd environmental education in schools have been the main tactics
mployed to date.
he LMMA network, meanwhile, relies on a diversied donorortolio to und its large-scale programmes. Long-term budget
lanning has been conducted at both levels to identiy key resource
eeds and current unding gaps.
Adding value to sustainable resource harvesting
LKL has encouraged the introduction o small-scale eco-enterprises
t LMMA sites to increase local incomes rom natural resources
uring shing closure periods. In 2007, a workshop was held in
onjunction with the Community Conservation Network, attended
y sixty participants representing twenty sites. The objective o
he eco-enterprises programme was to strengthen the nancing o
ommunity conservation activities.
n 2010, the programme provided seed capital or our communities
n Meos Mangguandi to begin processing salted sh and coconut
il products. In addition, some sites have been able to raise revenue
hrough the sale o artisanal handicrats relating to their conservation
ctivities. Eleven sites have been able to generate up to USD 100-
00 per month rom the sale o bags, key chains, t-shirts, and other
roducts. Other sites have also made the decision to reinvest a
ortion o their income rom marine harvests into LMMA activities.
Building management capacity at the grassroots
A key component o community-based conservation is cap
building. Leveraging its role within the wider LMMA Netwo
the Pacic, PLKL has provided training on dierent conserva
issues, including marine area management, biodiversity monito
governance issues, and income generation schemes. This appr
has put the village-level conservation groups at the cent
its work, ensuring that they are able to assume ull control o
LMMA programmes in the long-term. Allied to its engagem
with university students, PLKL has been able to ensure that
human resources are in place to sustain its impacts over time, w
its environmental education programme has taken a bottomapproach to changing attitudes to sustainable marine resource
across eastern Indonesia.
Securing the networks long-term fnancial health
The Indonesia LMMA network has diversied its donor bas
bringing in new unders. The network has also establishe
programme endowment or saety net. This is made up o paym
or projects in which PLKL sta have acted as consultants, suc
in collaboration with TNC and WWF in Raja Ampat and Saus
Abun respectively. This endowment und is used to supplemen
networks unding or its operations.
PARTNERSThe oundation has collaborated with dierent stakeholders
organizations in introducing and implementing LMMA approa
These partners include: the Department o Education in Jaya
Papua; COREMAP, Biak, Papua; TNC Raja Ampat, Sorong, Papua; W
Bird Head, Sorong, Papua; University o Cenderawasih, Jaya
Papua; CTSP Indonesia; CTSP Timor Leste; RaiConsolodia,
Timor Leste; Pescas (Ofce o National Directorate o Fisheries
Aquaculture), Timor Leste; and the LMMA Network.
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FURTHER REFERENCE
Indonesia LMMA Network page: http://lmmanetwork.dreamhosters.com/indonesia
UNEP. 2011. Taking Steps toward Marine and Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management - An Introductory Guide. http://www.unep
pd/EBM_Manual_r15_Final.pd
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150115.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348164353.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348161992.pdfRecommended