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DAMASCUS-SYRIA
4-5 NOVEMBER 2009
1
EVALUATION OF URBAN
VULNERABILITIES FOR A DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION STRATEGY FOR CITIES IN
MENA REGION:
CASE STUDY OF ALGIERS (ALGERIA)
Djillali Benouar
Built Environment Research Laboratory (LBE)
USTHB, Algeria
DAMASCUS-SYRIA
4-5 NOVEMBER 2009
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INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
MAIN POLLUTING INDUSTRY ACTIVITY IS
LOCATED IN THE INDUSTRIAL ZONES OF
GUE DE CONSTANTINE (8 KM OF CITY
CENTER), EL-HARRACH (11), OUED
SMAR (15) AND ROUIBA (27)
ALGIERS MOST IMPORTANT ZONE
IN TERMS OF INDUSTRIAL
ACTIVITY. IT COUNTS MORE THAN
735 INDUSTRIAL PLANTS.
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CAUSE OF HYDRIC, ATMOSPHERIC AND
SOIL POLLUTION AND PRODUCES
DANGEROUS AND TOXIC WASTES
WHICH EXPOSES ALGIERS TO
DIFFICULT PROBLEMS IN TERMS OF
MANAGEMENT
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
DAMASCUS-SYRIA
4-5 NOVEMBER 2009
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ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MAIN SOURCES:
* ROAD TRAFFIC VERY HIGH
* POLLUTING WASTES FROM INDUSTRIES
•COMBUSTION OF WASTES IN RUBBISH DAMP IN OUED
SMAR
•ALGIERS COUNTS 560 000 VEHICULES IN ALL
CATEGORIES WITH A ROAD TRAFFIC OF 1500 TO 2000
VEH./HOUR WHICH GIVE OUT MORE THAN 180 TONS OF
LEAD/YEAR IN THE STREETS OF ALGIERS
•RAIS HAMIDOU CEMENT FACTORY WITHIN THE CITY
PRODUCES 750 000 T/CEMENT/YEAR GIVES OUT ABOUT
30T OF DUST/DAY
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4-5 NOVEMBER 2009
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OTHER INDUSTRIES ARE:
* OIL REFINERIES
* DOMESTIC OIL INDUSTRY
* PAINTING INDUSTRY
* TOBACCO INDUSTRY
* CAR BATTERY INDUSTRY
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
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PUBLIC RUBBISH DUMP IN OUED SMAR
COMBUSTION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
REFUSES AND WASTES CAUSES EMANATION
OF VARIOUS TYPES OF GAS (CH4, NH7, CO2).
IN ALGIERS:
HOUSEHOLDS: 700 000 TONS/YEAR
INDUSTRIAL WASTES: 900 000 TONS/YEAR
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
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HYDRIC POLLUTION
•SHALLOW WATERS
•POLLUTION OF SHALLOW WATERS CAUSED
MAINLY BY INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS,
TOTAL QUANTITY ESTIMATED AT 60 000
M3/DAY THROWN IN OUED EL-HARRACH
•DEEP WATERS: POLLUTED MAINLY BY
HYDROCARBONS AND PESTICIDS
•MARINE POLLUTION
MOST WASTE WATER FROM HOUSEHOLDS
AND INDUSTRY IS POURED IN THE SEA
WITHOUT ANY TREATMENT
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SOIL POLLUTION
SOIL POLLUTION COMES FROM
FROM MASSIVE USE OF CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDS AND
SOLID WASTES, SEWAGE, ETC
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DEFORESTATION
•FORESTS ARE LOST BY:
•ANARCHISTIC URBANISATION
•FOREST FIRES
•ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION (Cement
Plant, Road Trafic, etc.)
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FLOODS
ANARCHISTIC AND RAPID
URBANISATION IS A MAJOR FACTOR
IN THE INCREASE OF FLOODS.
INAPPROPRIATE HOUSING ON RIVER
BANKS OR NEAR DELTA IS A MAJOR
CONCERN.
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4-5 NOVEMBER 2009
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FLASH FLOODS
FLASH FLOODS IS A GROWING
CONCERN DUE TO CONCRETE
WHICH ABSORBS LITTLE WATER,
THE DECLINE OF OPEN SPACES,
ENGINEERING WORKS THAT
DIVERT RIVER FLOWS AND WEAK
CITY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
(NEGLECT, LACK OF
MAINTENANCE).
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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW
OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001
•CAUSED 712 HUMAN LIVES LOST, 350
INJURED, 116 MISSING, 1800 HOUSING
UNITS SUFFERED DAMAGE, 56
SCHOOLS, SCORES OF BRIDGES,
ROADS, PUBLIC WORKS WERE
DAMAGED.
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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW
OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001
• 1 000 000 M3 (UP TO 10 M THICK) OF MUD IN THE STREETS OF BAB EL OUED, MORE THAN 350 VEHICULES (CARS, TRUCKS AND BUSES) WITH PASSENGERS BURIED UNDER MUD.
• PRELIMINARY COST
U.S.$ 250 000 000.
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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW
OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001
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Algiers floods on 10 November 2001
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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW
OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001
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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOW
OF 10 NOVEMBER 2001
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LANDSLIDES
• ROCKS AND SOIL SLIDING RAPIDLY DOWNHILL. MUDFLOWS AND ROCKFALLS TRIGGERED BY EARTHQUAKES, STORMS, WATER LOGGED SOIL AND HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS.
• GROWING AMOUNTS OF BADLY BUILT HOUSING ON/BELOW STEEP SLOPES, ON CLIFFS, OR AT RIVER MOUTHS OF MOUNTAIN VALLEY.
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LANDSLIDES
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LANDSLIDES
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EARTHQUAKES
ALGIERS, DENSELY BUILT, DENSELY
POPULATED CITY LOCATED ON SEISMIC ZONE.
HIGH SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ENVIRONMENT.
THE CITY SUFFERED SEVERAL DAMAGING
EARTHQUAKES IN THE PAST.
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-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1220
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Fig 16:Iso-acceleration map of the Maghreb region for a lifetime of 50 years with an exceedingprobability of 10 % using Ambraseys (1995) horizontal PGA attenuation law
PGA (g)
EARTHQUAKE ZONATION MAP
Benouar et al. (1996)
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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003
Ms 6.8
2278 dead
11450 injured
1241? missing
182 000 homeless
19 000 houses destroyed
5 B.USD direct losses
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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003
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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003
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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003
Ground Floor (Commerce)
+ 10 Floors (Appartments)
100 appartment building in
5 staircases (2 app/floor)
780 deaths and 80 missing
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Traditional Knowledge
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Some structural and non structural preventive
measures taken by the Algerian Government since 1981
•ALGERIAN SEISMIC BUILDING CODE STARTEDIN 1981
• EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING COURSES ANDRESEARCH STARTED IN 1982
•URBAN PLANNING REGULATIONS BY LAW
•LAW 04/20 FOR PREVENTION AND DISASTERRISK MANAGEMENT ADOPTED IN 1984
•COMPULSORY NATURAL RISKS INSURANCESINCE 1984
•EARTHQUAKE DISASTER SCENARIO FORALGIERS, 2006
•ETC
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CONCLUSIONS
DECISION-MAKERS NEED ADEQUATE
INTEGRATED INFORMATION ON THE
LIKELY (PROBABILITIES) INTENSITY OF
THE DISASTER THE CITY WILL FACE IF
THEY ARE TO REDUCE DISASTER
VULNERABILITY.
THIS RESEARCH SHOWS THE NEED OF
AN INTEGRATED AND COORDINATED
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN
MEGACITIES.
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TO PROVIDE FUNDAMENTAL MEANS WHICH SHOULD GUIDE OFFICIALS AT THE LOCAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS IN THE FORMULATION OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN DISASTER PRONE-REGIONS, LAND USE MANAGEMENT, CITY PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT OR REVISION OF BUILDING REGULATIONS, MATERIALS NORMS, SITING NEW CRITICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS AS WELL AS DECISION-MAKING POLICIES TO STIMULATE AND FACILITATE THE EFFORTS OF THE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND RESPONSE COMMUNITIES TO TAKE SPECIFIC PRACTICAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS.
AN INTEGRATED DISASTER RESEARCH AND
COORDINATING MANAGEMENT AGENCY IN THE
ALGERIAN GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT IN ALGIERS
INTEGRATED HAZARD MAPPING: NATURAL HAZARD (GROUND, SURFACE, HYDRO/ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS), CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOACTIVE, EXPLOSIVE, COMBUSTIBLE ACCUMULATIONS.
INFORMATION OF RELATED PAST DISASTERS
• URBAN VULNERABILITIES ANALYSES OF ALL ELEMENTS AT RISK
CONTINGENCY PLANNING
UPDATING URBAN DEV. PLAN
• ACTION PLAN AREAS (LAND USE CHANGES, TEMP-PARTIAL REMOVALS/VACATING, LOWERING DENSITIES, BLDG RETROFIT/DEMOLOTION, CONTINUITY IN OPEN AREAS, IMPROVING ROAD SYSTEM, PARKING, EMERGENCY SCENARIOS (FOR SYSTEMS/ BUILDINGS/ POPULATION)
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MANY THANKS
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