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Celestial spheres covered Celestial spheres covered with ice and dust that with ice and dust that leave trails of vapor as leave trails of vapor as
they race through space. they race through space.
CometsComets
Large chucks of rocky Large chucks of rocky material found in space.material found in space.
AsteroidsAsteroids
What are the What are the three layers of three layers of
earth?earth?
Core, Mantle, and Core, Mantle, and CrustCrust
Name for the layer of Name for the layer of earth where all the earth where all the animals and plants animals and plants
live.live.
biospherebiosphere
What are the three What are the three main parts, or main parts, or
layers, that make up layers, that make up the biosphere?the biosphere?
Lithosphere, Lithosphere, hydrosphere, and hydrosphere, and
atmosphereatmosphere
Theory that states the earth’s Theory that states the earth’s landmass was once a landmass was once a
supercontinent that broke into supercontinent that broke into about a dozen plates that about a dozen plates that slowly moved apart over slowly moved apart over
millions of years.millions of years.
Continental Continental DriftDrift
This consists of the This consists of the sun, nine known sun, nine known
planets, as well as planets, as well as other celestial bodies other celestial bodies
that orbit the sun.that orbit the sun.
Solar SystemSolar System
Name for the earth’s Name for the earth’s center, made up of iron center, made up of iron and nickel; solid on the and nickel; solid on the inside and liquid on the inside and liquid on the
outside.outside.
CoreCore
Rock layer about 1,800 Rock layer about 1,800 miles thick found between miles thick found between the earth’s crust and core the earth’s crust and core
MantleMantle
Name for the molten Name for the molten rock material formed rock material formed when solid rock in the when solid rock in the earth’s mantle or crust earth’s mantle or crust
melts.melts.
MagmaMagma
The thin rock layer The thin rock layer making up the making up the
earth’s surface.earth’s surface.
CrustCrust
Name for the layer Name for the layer of gases of gases
immediately immediately surrounding the surrounding the
earth.earth.
atmosphereatmosphere
Name for the Name for the solid rock portion solid rock portion
of the earth’s of the earth’s surfacesurface
lithospherelithosphere
Name for all the water Name for all the water comprised on earth’s comprised on earth’s
surface, including oceans surface, including oceans seas, rivers, lakes, and seas, rivers, lakes, and
vapor in the atmosphere.vapor in the atmosphere.
hydrospherehydrosphere
The continuous The continuous circulation of water circulation of water
among the among the atmosphere, the atmosphere, the
oceans, and the earth.oceans, and the earth.
Hydrologic Hydrologic cyclecycle
An area drained An area drained by major rivers by major rivers
and its and its tributaries.tributaries.Drainage Drainage
basinbasin
The water held The water held under the earth’s under the earth’s
surface, often in and surface, often in and around the pores of around the pores of
rock.rock.
Ground WaterGround Water
A naturally A naturally formed feature formed feature
on the surface of on the surface of the earth.the earth.
landformlandform
The earth’s surface The earth’s surface from the edge of a from the edge of a continent to the continent to the deep part of the deep part of the
ocean.ocean.
Continental Continental shelfshelf
The difference in The difference in elevation of a elevation of a
landform from the landform from the lowest point to the lowest point to the
highest point.highest point.
reliefrelief
The combined The combined characteristics of characteristics of
landforms and their landforms and their distribution in a distribution in a
region.region.
topographytopography
An enormous An enormous moving shelf that moving shelf that forms the earth’s forms the earth’s
crust.crust.
Tectonic plateTectonic plate
A sometimes violent A sometimes violent movement of the earth, movement of the earth, produced when tectonic produced when tectonic plates grind or slip past plates grind or slip past
each other at a fault.each other at a fault.
earthquakeearthquake
A device that measures A device that measures the size of the waves the size of the waves
created by an created by an earthquake.earthquake.
seismographseismograph
The point of the earth’s The point of the earth’s surface that corresponds surface that corresponds
to the location in the to the location in the earth where an earth where an
earthquake begins.earthquake begins.
epicenterepicenter
A way to measure A way to measure information collected by information collected by
seismographs to seismographs to determine the relative determine the relative
strength of an strength of an earthquake.earthquake.
Richter ScaleRichter Scale
A giant ocean wave, A giant ocean wave, caused by an underwater caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic earthquake or volcanic
eruption, with great eruption, with great destructive power.destructive power.
tsunamitsunami
A natural event, formed when A natural event, formed when magma, gases, and water magma, gases, and water from the lower part of the from the lower part of the crust or mantle collect in crust or mantle collect in
underground chambers and underground chambers and eventually erupt and pour out eventually erupt and pour out
of cracks in the earth’s of cracks in the earth’s surface.surface.
volcanovolcano
Physical and chemical Physical and chemical processes that change the processes that change the
characteristics of rock on or characteristics of rock on or near the earth’s surface, near the earth’s surface,
occurring slowly over many occurring slowly over many years.years.
weatheringweathering
Small pieces of rock Small pieces of rock produced by produced by weathering weathering processes.processes.
sedimentsediment
Natural Natural processes that processes that break rock into break rock into smaller pieces.smaller pieces.
Mechanical Mechanical weatheringweathering
A process that changes A process that changes rock into a new substance rock into a new substance
through interactions through interactions among elements in the air among elements in the air or water and the minerals or water and the minerals
in the rock.in the rock.
Chemical Chemical weatheringweathering
The result of The result of weathering on weathering on
matter, created by matter, created by the action of wind, the action of wind,
water, ice, or gravity.water, ice, or gravity.
erosionerosion
A fan-like landform A fan-like landform made of deposited made of deposited sediment, left by a sediment, left by a
river that slows as it river that slows as it enters the ocean.enters the ocean.
deltadelta
Wind-blown silt and Wind-blown silt and clay sediment that clay sediment that
produces very fertile produces very fertile soil.soil.
loessloess
A large, long-lasting A large, long-lasting mass of ice that mass of ice that
moves because of moves because of gravity.gravity.
glacierglacier
The changing of The changing of landforms by landforms by slowly moving slowly moving
glaciers.glaciers.
glaciationglaciation
A ridge or hill of rock A ridge or hill of rock carried and finally carried and finally
deposited by a deposited by a glacier.glacier.
morainemoraine
This occurs where This occurs where two plates meet and two plates meet and cause the layers of cause the layers of
rock to bend.rock to bend.
FoldFold
Name for the zone found Name for the zone found around the Pacific rim around the Pacific rim
where eight major where eight major tectonic plates meet and a tectonic plates meet and a
majority of active majority of active volcanoes are located.volcanoes are located.
Ring of FireRing of Fire
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