Cells. Early Microscopes Robert Hooke – Looked at cork – Started calling the basic building...

Cells

Early Microscopes

• Robert Hooke– Looked at cork– Started calling the basic building block of life

“cell”s

• Anton vanLeeuwenhoek– Looked at living things under a microscope

The Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells.• Cells are the basic unit of structure and

function in living things.• New cells are produced from existing cells.

Important Cell Terms

• Nucleus: Membrane-bound organelle that holds the genetic material in eukaryotes

• Organelle: “tiny organs”– Specialized structures inside cells

• Cytoplasm: fluid-like substance inside all cells

Cell Types• Prokaryotes • Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

• Small (0.1 μm – 10 μm)• Genetic material is not in a nucleus– DNA is in the cytoplasm

• Unicellular organisms (live alone)• Example: bacteria

Eukaryotes

• Larger than prokaryotes• Have nucleus and organelles• Can live alone (unicellular) or with other cells

(multicellular)• Two types: Plant and Animal

Plant/Animal Cell Organelle Name Function

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

Animal Cell

Animal Cell Organelle Name Function

A Centriole

B Microtubules

C Lysosome

D Mitochondria

E Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

F Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth

ER)

G Ribosome

H Flagella

I Golgi Apparatus

J Nucleolus

K Nuclear Envelope

L Cytoplasm

M Cell Membrane

Organelles

• Centriole– Near nucleus– Help with cell

division

Cell Parts

• Intermediate Filaments• Microtubules– Cell shape– Cell organization

• Microfilaments

Organelles

• Lysosome– Small, filled with

enzymes– Break down, or

digest, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins

– Get rid of old cell parts

Organelles

• Mitochondria– “power house” of the

cell– convert food into

useable energy

Organelles

• Endoplasmic Reticulum– Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum• Synthesis of proteins (ribosomes

on the surface)

– Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum• Make enzymes that perform

special tasks (like making lipids and detoxification of drugs)

Organelles

• Ribsomes– Cellular “factory”– makes proteins

Organelles

• Flagella– Tail-like structure used for movement

• Cilia

Organelles

• Golgi apparatus– Modify, sort and

package proteins and other material from the ER

Organelles

• Nucleus– 3 parts:

• Nucleolus– Makes ribosomes

• Nuclear Envelope– Membrane around

the nucleus, contains nuclear pores

Cell Parts

• Cytoplasm– Fluid-like substance

between the nuclear envelope (which surrounds the nucleus) and the cell membrane

– Organelles are found floating in the cytoplasm

Cell Parts

• Cell membrane– In all cells– Barrier between outside

of cell and inside of cell– Regulates what enters

and leaves

Plant Cell

Plant Cell Organelle Name Function

A Cell Membrane

B Cytoplasm

C Nuclear Envelope

D Nucleolus

E Golgi Apparatus

F Vacuole

G Ribosome

H Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

I Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

J Mitochondria

K Chloroplast

L Microtubules

M Cell Wall

Cell Parts

• Cell wall– ONLY in PLANT cells– Outside of cell

membrane– Thick, rigid barrier to

protect cells

Organelles

• Chloroplasts– Capture sunlight

to make energy for the cell

– ONLY in PLANT cells

Organelles

• Vacuole– Storage of water,

salts, carbohydrates and proteins

– Large in plant cells– Found in some

prokaryotes and animal cells