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CENTRAL TEXAS AIR QUALITYJULY 18, 2012
CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS
• Monitoring• Emissions Inventory• Data Analysis and Modeling• Planning• Technical Assistance• Outreach
CAPCOG’s Air Quality Program
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• Air Quality Status in Central Texas– Criteria Pollutants– Air Toxics
• Ozone Basics & What Nonattainment Means• Factors that Influence Pollution Levels• Travis County Emissions• Strategies to Reduce Emissions• Authority over Air Quality
Overview
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Austin’s Compliance with Federal Air Quality Standards
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Pollutant Averaging Time Last Review Concentration Austin Value
Ozone 8 Hours 2008 75 ppb 75 ppb (2011)
PM2.5 Annual 2006 15.0 µg/m3 10.0 µg/m3 (2010)
PM2.5 24 Hours 2006 35 µg/m3 22 µg/m3 (2010)
PM10 24 Hours 2006 150 µg/m3 41 µg/m3 (2011)
NO2 1 Hour 2010 100 ppb 22 ppb (2010)
NO2 Annual 2010 53 ppb 3 ppb (2010)
CO 8 Hours 2011 9 ppm 0.3 ppm (2010)
CO 1 Hour 2011 35 ppm 1 ppm (2010)
SO2 1 Hour 2010 75 ppb Not Monitored
Lead 3 Months 2008 0.15 µg/m3 Not MonitoredPollutant Averaging Time Next Review Likely Range Austin Value
Ozone 8 Hours 2013/2014 60-70 ppb 75 ppb (2011)
PM2.5 Annual 2012 12.0-13.0 µg/m3 10.0 µg/m3 (2010)
Austin Area Ozone Continuous Air Monitoring Stations
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• PM2.5– Zavala Elementary School– Austin Audubon Society– Murchison Middle School– Webberville Road– Fayette County
• PM10– Webberville Road– Austin Audubon Society
Non-Ozone Monitoring in Region
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• NOX
– Murchison Middle School– Hutto
• CO: Murchison Middle School• SO2
– Hutto• VOC: Webberville Road
Non-Ozone Monitoring in Region
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• TCEQ Toxicological Evaluation 2010– Webberville Road VOC Canister Sampling– Audubon Society PM2.5 Sampling for Metals– Conclusion: “Exposure…for Region 11 – Austin
would not be expected to cause chronic adverse health or vegetation effects.”
• EPA 2005 National Air Toxics Assessment• CAPCOG 2005 Air Toxics Monitoring Project
Air Toxics
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Air Toxics
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Webberville Road Benzene Concentrations
MedianHigh
Conc
entr
ation
(ppb
)
• Existing monitoring does not indicate that the general population is exposed to unhealthy levels of any pollutant other than ozone
• If there are other problems, our existing monitoring network is not picking them up
• Additional monitoring may shed light on additional problem areas, especially near-roadway pollution levels
Bottom Line for Pollutants Other than Ozone
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Austin Area Ozone Compared to Other Areas
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000.0000.0100.0200.0300.0400.0500.0600.0700.0800.0900.1000.1100.120
Austin: 77th Percentile
2010 Design Values
Austin Area Ozone “Design Value” 1999-2011
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 201160
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
89 8988
8584
85
82 8280
7775
7475
Murchison
Audubon
1997 Standard
2008 Standard
Design Value
8-Ho
ur O
zone
(par
ts p
er b
illio
ns)
Days of Ozone Considered Unhealthy for Certain Groups
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
33
5159
48
3641
52
37
59
47
3642 39
31
57
19
13
26
18
76
13
10
11
17
42 5
4
10
1
1
8
2
2
1
Unhealthy (96+ ppb)
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups (76-95 ppb)
Moderate (60-75 ppb)
• Secondary pollutant: not directly emitted– NOX + VOC + Sunlight = Ozone
• Seasonal (March – November in Austin)• High temperatures & slow winds tend to
increase ozone production• Regional Geographic Scale• 2 Distinct Periods in Austin: March-July and
August-November
Ozone: the Basics
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• Areas designated nonattainment based on the worst air quality measured in an area
• Allowed an average of 3 exceedances/year• Current default area would be Austin-Marble
Falls Combined Statistical Area– Bastrop, Burnet, Caldwell, Hays, Travis, Williamson
• Other factors: meteorology, commuting patterns, growth rates, emissions sources, jurisdictional boundaries, among others
Ozone Nonattainment Designations
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• State required to bring area into attainment• Offsets required for new and modified point
sources• Transportation “conformity” required for at
least 25 years• Emission controls on existing sources• If state plan is inadequate, EPA creates plan;
can impose sanctions
What Nonattainment Means
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Areas that Influence Ozone at CAMS 3 on Days >70 ppb
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
1-Day Back Trajectories 3-Day Back Trajectories
http://www.capcog.org/documents/airquality/cac/2010/september2010/Austin_CM_ver21.pdf
• Immediate vicinity: Travis, Caldwell, Bastrop, Fayette, Lee, Milam, Bell, and Williamson Counties
• Most of East Texas contributes to Background• March-July: Winds from the South/Southeast• August-October: Winds from the Northeast
Potential Upwind Areas
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• Texas Contribution: 19-33 ppb (avg: 23.7 ppb)• Louisiana Contribution: 1-6 ppb (avg: 2.8 ppb)• Impact of Local Emissions on Ozone:
– EAC SIP Modeling for 2007: 3-18 ppb– 2010 Conceptual Model: 11-16 ppb– 2011 Mobile Monitoring: 10-21 ppb
• Local Ozone Levels primarily NOX-driven– 2-3 times the impact per ton as VOC
Technical Research on Ozone Impacts
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Impact of Local Point Sources in 2007
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Point Source > 75 ppb >65 ppb NOX (tpd)
Decker 1.0 0.9 4
Sandow 0.6 0.5 9
Austin Lime 0.5 0.5 2
UT 0.4 0.4 2
Lehigh 0.1 0.2 6
Fayette 0.1 0.2 20
Sim Gideon 0.1 0.1 2
Bastrop 0.1 0.1 1
Sand Hill 0.1 0.1 <1
Prarie Lea <0.1 <0.1 2
Lost Pines <0.1 <0.1 <1
Hays Energy <0.1 <0.1 <1
http://www.capcog.org/documents/airquality/cacac/dec2009/Item6-UT_Modeling_BigPush.pdf
2008 Travis County Emissions Inventory (tons per day)
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
On-Road; 35.99
Non-Road; 14.1
Point;
9.74
Area; 3.47
NOX
On-Road
; 15.8
8
Non-Road; 10.4Point
; 1.18
Area; 44.16
VOC
Top 10 Sources of NOX Emissions in Travis County, 2008
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Source 2008 NOX Emissions (tons/day)
1. Passenger Cars 14.35
2. Passenger Trucks 5.77
3. Combination Long-Haul Trucks 5.65
4. Construction and Mining Equipment 5.40
5. Decker Creek Power Plant 5.07
6. Combination Short-Haul Trucks 4.30
7. Aviation 3.04
8. Single-Unit Short-Haul Trucks 2.36
9. Industrial Equipment 2.82
10. Light Commercial Trucks 2.22
81% of Total NOX Emissions in Travis County
NOX Emission Control Strategies
Source Type Technology-Based Measures Behavior-Based Measures
On-Road -Accelerated fleet replacement-Idle reduction infrastructure-Remote I/M detection-Vehicle retrofits-Use of electrified vehicles-Fuels
-Commute reductions-Enforce anti-idling rules-Sticker enforcement-Congestion mitigation-Use of mass transit-Encourage growth that minimizes VMT growth
Non-Road -Accelerated fleet replacement-Vehicle retrofits-Use of electrified equipment-Fuels
-Modify times/schedules of use-Idle reduction measures-Contract specifications or incentives
Point/Area Sources
-Low-NOX burners-SNCR-SCR-Replace boilers with turbines
-Energy efficiency measures-Ozone action day measures
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Local Air Quality Planning Efforts
• 2002: 1-Hour Ozone Flex Plan• 2004: Early Action Compact SIP• 2008: 8-Hour Ozone Flex Plan• 2009: Big Push• 2012/13: Ozone Advance
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• Deferred Nonattainment Designation• Early Action Compact Control Measures:
– 6.61 tpd of NOX emission reductions (5% reduction)– 17.01 tpd of VOC reductions (10% reduction)
• Modeled Ozone Impact in 2007:– 0.79 ppb at Murchison Middle School– 0.71 ppb at Austin Audubon Society
Early Action Compact
http://www.tceq.texas.gov/airquality/sip/nov2004eac.html
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• Maintain compliance with 1997 8-Hour Ozone Standard of 84 ppb
• Continue Emissions Control Measures from Early Action Compact
• Additional regional emission reduction measures
• Additional measures implemented by local governments and other government agencies
8-O3 Flex Plan
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
• Maintain compliance with 75 ppb standard, get an “advance” on a potential lower standard
• Reevaluate existing control measures• Expand/enhance existing measures• Add new control measures where appropriate• Extend commitment for at least 5 years
Ozone Advance
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Challenges
1. High background ozone levels2. Limited ability to address local emissions3. Rapid pace of growth of Eagle Ford Shale oil
and gas development upwind of region4. Permitting in attainment areas
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Federal Authority
• Authority to approve/disapprove SIP• Authority to institute Federal Implementation
Plan• Enforcement of SIP/FIP rules• SIP Sanctions• On-road, non-road engine standards• NSPS, NESHAPS, RACT, MACT• Operation of rail & aircraft• Fuels
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
State Authority
• Point source emission standards & permitting• Enforcement of rules & permit requirements• Operation of on-road, non-road equipment
(except aircraft & rail)• Fuels (limited authority)• Building/energy efficiency standards• Prohibited from:
– Requiring Stage II if not required by EPA– Requiring new Environmental Speed Limits
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
Local Authority
• Transportation planning• Land use planning• Energy generation• Energy efficiency requirements• Operation of on-road and non-road equipment• Enforcement of existing state rules• Air quality ordinances that don’t conflict with
state rules & authorizations
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
THANK YOU
Andrew Hoekzema, Air Quality Program Specialistahoekzema@capcog.org512.916.6043
www.austinairquality.com
THE CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS │ Austin Air Quality Program Presentation │ July 18, 2012
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