View
212
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Mestizo—of mixed European and native ancestry
Roots—cultural origins
Arrival of Europeans changed life for indigenous people
Many native people were killed by unfamiliar diseases and warfare
Europeans introduced new population groups
1.1 Indigenous Cultures pg. 216-217
Aymara, Quechua, and Guarani are three largest indigenous groups in South America today
Aymara live in Andes of Peru and Bolivia; herd llamas & alpacas; grow crops such as potatoes and quinoa
Quechua live in the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia; farmers; blend Catholic and native beliefs; weavers
Guarani live in Paraguay; culture represented in Paraguay’s folk art
Munduruku live in Brazil; ancestors farmed, hunted, & fished in rain forest; sell forest products
1.1 Indigenous Cultures pg. 216-217
Language families—groups of related languages
Predominant—main (languages)
Topography—physical features
Languages that South Americans speak come from at least 50 language families
Main languages in South America are Spanish and Portuguese
Creole is a language that results when two other languages are combined together
1.2 Language Diversity pg. 218-219
More than 500 languages are spoken today due to large number of indigenous groups
Mountain ranges and rain forests isolated indigenous groups and kept their languages separate
Some indigenous languages such as Quechua and Guarani are common
Some indigenous languages are endangered
1.2 Language Diversity pg. 218-219
Immigrated—moved permanently
Cuisine—food that is characteristic of a particular place
Roman Catholicism became main religion in South America during colonial period
Roughly 80% of South Americans are Roman Catholic; Brazil has the world’s largest Catholic population
1.3 Daily Life pg. 220-221
Most Protestants in the region live in Chile and the Guianas and in parts of Brazil, Bolivia, and Ecuador
Candomble combines African spiritual practices with Catholicism
Every country in South America provides public education
Some children may not attend school regularly or may leave early to help earn money for their families
1.3 Daily Life pg. 220-221
Playing futbol (soccer) or watching a favorite team compete is a popular pastime in South America
South American cuisine varies in different parts of the continent
In coastal countries like Chile, seafood is often a main ingredient
In Uruguay and Argentina, beef is often served
In the mountains of Peru, llamas provide a good source of meat
Stews with black beans, rice, and vegetables are common throughout South America
1.3 Daily Life pg. 220-221
Prosperous—economically strong
Coup—takeover (of the government)
Ruthless--cruel
In the early 1800s, movements for independence in countries across South America brought an end to colonial rule
South American governments have gone through many changes since independence
2.1 Comparing Governments pg. 222-223
Argentina Dictators held power
for several decades after independence in 1816
Adopted new constitution in 1850; entered prosperous period until 1920s
Military coups in 1930s and 1943
Juan Peron elected president in 1946 but reforms were expensive and corruption weakened administration
1950s Peron overthrown by military leaders
Since 1980s, democratically elected presidents have faced serious economic crises
Today constitutional government is stable and economy is one of strongest in South America
2.1 Comparing Governments pg. 222-223
Peru Gained independence
in 1821 Government has
shifted between democratically elected presidents and military rule
Many leaders favored wealthy landowners over ordinary citizens
Political instability made economic and social progress difficult
In 2001, first Quechua president, Alejandro Toledo was elected
Toledo’s election demonstrated that Peru’s government could represent all citizens
2.1 Comparing Governments pg. 222-223
Chile Declared independence
in 1818; has mostly been a representative democracy
Augusto Pinochet acted as a dictator from 1973 to 1990; he was ruthless and no one was allowed to disagree with his policies
Chile returned to democratic rule in 1990
In 2006, first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria was elected; father was killed by Pinochet and she and mother were imprisoned and exiled for opposing Pinochet
Bachelet helped ease poverty, expaned social reforms, and created new employment opportunities
2.1 Comparing Governments pg. 222-223
Soybeans—a type of bean grown for food and also for industrial products such as plastics, inks, and adhesives
Fertilizer—a substance added to soil to enrich it
The wide grassy Pampas is South America’s major crop-growing region
Pampas is also the grazing ground for cattle, another valuable export
2.2 The Pampas Economy pg. 224-225
The Pampas is a large plain that stretches across central Argentina from the Atlantic Ocean to the foothills of the Andes Mountains
Covers nearly ¼ of Argentina’s land area
Spanish and mestizo cowboys (gauchos) herded cattle and sheep on Pampas; modern gauchos continue practice
Cattle grazing takes place in Dry Pampas, dry zone in the west
Agriculture takes place in the Wet Pampas, the humid zone in the east
2.2 The Pampas Economy pg. 224-225
In the 1980s, soybeans became a valuable crop in Argentina
Soybeans do not need as much fertilizer
Low productions costs and high prices in global markets make soybeans a valuable crop in Argentina
Argentines are among the world’s top consumers of beef
Soybeans are used to make vegetable oil and livestock feed
Soybeans, wheat, corn, flax, and alfalfa are some of the crops grown in the Wet Pampas
2.2 The Pampas Economy pg. 224-225
Temperate—mild (climate)
Mediterranean climate—the temperate climate along the coasts of southern Europe and northern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea
Diversify—vary
Chile is a long, narrow country bordering the Pacific ocean
Central Chile enjoys a temperate climate that supports an extensive agriculture industry
2.3 Chile’s Food Production pg. 226-227
A Mediterranean climate is defined by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters
Found in southern Australia, southern and central California in the United States, and southern South Africa, and central Chile
Mediterranean climates have similar latitudes; generally 30⁰ S-40⁰ S or 30⁰ N-40⁰ N; lie on western coasts and have similar precipitation patterns because of their coastal positions
2.3 Chile’s Food Production pg. 226-227
Fruits such as grapes, peaches, and apples are grown for export in Chile’s fertile valleys
A thriving wine industry depends on the many varieties of grapes that grow in Chile’s vineyards
Chile has become a major exporter of olives and specialty olive oils
Copper remains Chile’s most valuable export
Growth of agricultural exports since the 1980s helped Chile diversify its economy
2.3 Chile’s Food Production pg. 226-227
Erratic—inconsistent
Export revenue—money earned from exports
Profitable—financially successful
Agriculture and mining are key industries in Peru
Erratic rainfall and rugged terrain make large-scale farming in the mountains difficult
Potatoes, wheat, corn, vegetables, and quinoa grow well for local people and are not exported
2.4 Products of Peru pg. 228-229
Limited cash crops for export include sugarcane, wheat, coffee, and asparagus
Economic activities in the Peruvian mountains include cattle and alpaca ranching
Peru’s most profitable economic activity is mining
Peru is a leading exporter of silver, zinc, lead, copper, tin, and gold
Exports of metals and minerals supply nearly 2/3 of Peru’s total export revenue
In the 1990s, policy changes allowed private ownership of the mines
2.4 Products of Peru pg. 228-229
Private ownership allowed for improvements and upgrades
Existing mines became more profitable and new mines opened
Mining revenues also increased due to an upward trend in world prices for silver, gold, and other metals and minerals since the late 1990s
2.4 Products of Peru pg. 228-229
Foremost—leading Steel– a strong
metal made from iron and other metals
Ethanol—a liquid removed from sugarcane or corn
Biofuel—an alternative fuel made from ethanol and gasoline
Brazil is the largest and most populous country in South America
Agriculture, ranching, and fishing all contribute to the country’s economy
Brazil exports bananas, oranges, mangoes, cacao beans, soybeans, rice, cashew nuts, and pineapples
3.1 Brazil’s Growing Economy pg. 230-231
Brazil grows 1/3 of the world’s total number of coffee beans and is one of the leading exporters of sugarcane and raw sugar
Forests in Brazil provide wood for construction, to make pulp for paper products, and hardwood to make fine furniture
Cattle exports include leather and beef; Brazil exports more beef than the United States, Australia, and Argentina
Brazil will use new technology to develop its commercial fishing industry along 4,000 miles of Atlantic coastline
3.1 Brazil’s Growing Economy pg. 230-231
Brazil is a top producer and exporter of iron ore, bauxite (aluminum ore), gold, copper, and diamonds
Oil wells dot Brazil’s coast
Brazil manufactures steel used in automobiles, transportation equipment, and aircraft
Brazil also manufactures computers and electronic equipment
Brazil has produced and exported sugarcane and sugar since the 1500s
Brazil is poised to be a global leader in the production of biofuel made from ethanol
3.1 Brazil’s Growing Economy pg. 230-231
Megacities—cities with more than 10 million people
Slums—overcrowded and poverty-stricken urban areas
Sao Paulo grew from a quiet mission town to a world megacity
Portuguese missionary priests founded Sao Paulo in 1554 and built a mission and a school
In the late 1600s, gold was discovered in the mountains of nearby Minas Gerais
3.2 Sao Paulo pg. 232-233
By the mid 1700s, Brazil was producing nearly half of the world’s supply of gold
50 years later, gold deposits were depleted but coffee production became the main economic activity; wealth from coffee contributed to rapid growth in industry and population
Between 1880 and 1900, the population of Sao Paulo jumped from 35,000 to 240,000 due to rural to urban migration and immigration from Asia and Europe
In the mid 1900s, Sao Paulo became the industrial center of Brazil
3.2 Sao Paulo pg. 232-233
Manufacturing industries like automobiles and tourism contribute to the city’s economic growth
Slums, or favelas, developed on the outskirts of the city due to the rapid expansion of people who migrated there
3.2 Sao Paulo pg. 232-233
Infrastructure—the basic systems that a society needs, such as roads, bridges, and sewers
Venues—locations for organized events
Impact--effect
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) selected Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Olympics; the first time a South American city has been chosen
3.3 Impact of the Olympics pg. 234-234
Rio previously hosted the 2007 Pan-American Games, only open to countries in the Western Hemisphere
These events mean improvements to the infrastructure and venues must be built or updated
Many hope for long-term improvements such as tearing down overcrowded and dangerous favelas to rebuild better neighborhoods
Hosting the games brings construction jobs and athletes and tourists to boost the economy
3.3 Impact of the Olympics pg. 234-234
Recommended