CH27: A WORLD CONFLICT Section 1: Mobilizing for defense

CH27: A WORLD CONFLICT

Section 1: Mobilizing for defense

CONVERTING TO WARTIME

A

rsenal of democracy – conversion to wartime industry

R

ationing – system of coupons

P

roducing for ourselves as well as allies

B

y 1942 our production equaled that of Germany, Italy, and Japan combined

P

roduction of warships

WOMEN AND THE ARMED FORCES

A

rmy WACS, Navy WAVES, Coast Guard SPARS, and

women marines

F

erried military planes

WAVES

SPARS

RACIAL SEGREGATION AND THE WAR

1

million African Americans served in the armed

forces – still segregated

D

orie Miller – Pearl Harbor

S

egregation would not end until 1949

Dorie Miller

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE HOME FRONT

A

. Philip Randolph – black labor leader fought for racial equality

E

xecutive Order 8802 – FDR outlawed discrimination in the federal

government and defense factories

F

air Employment Practices Committee was appointed to enforce this policy

M

igration for South to North because of job opportunities

A. Philip Randolph

JAPANESE AMERICANS ARE INTERNED

W

est coast

S

uspicion

1

942 110,000 interned until 1944

S

till Japanese men signed up for military service, also in segregated

units

WOMEN AND THE WAR EFFORT

T

ook jobs in factories

W

orked in shipyards, airplane factories

D

octors, dentists, chemists, lawyers

R

osie the Riveter

B

lack women also had job opportunities, including domestic service

RAISING MONEY

B

orrowed from banks, corporations

b

onds

Section 2

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Battle of the Atlantic1

942-1943

G

erman subs “wolf packs”

A

llies now could use radar (airplanes) and sonar

(navy)

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ehhy6044usQ

Success in North AfricaG

erman and Italian forces commanded by General Erwin Rommel. Goal was to

control oil fields in the Middle East

B

ritish used decoding machine ULTRA to learn of Rommel’s plan.

R

ommel failed to take Egypt

L

anding Nov. 8, 1942 – allies, including U.S., surprise attack

W

ithin three days Allies took back all of north Africa to the borders of Tunisia.

G

ermans wanted to launch counteroffensive in Tunisia

only to be surrounded by Allies

A

t the same time, Russians

broke siege at Stalingrad

and surrounded German

army and began pushing

westward.

O

oops! How did Germany

screw up???

World War II & Latin America

1

942, 21 Latin American countries broke off

diplomatic relations with Axis powers

S

ome countries declared war on Axis powers

L

atin American countries provided war materials as

well as troops

Active defense in the Pacific

J

apanese had made huge gains in the Pacific

A

llies had to refocus their attention in Pacific

J

apanese wanted bases

Raid on TokyoG

eneral James B. Doolittle led B-25’s on attacks against

mainland

S

howing Japanese what was to come

J

apanese established defensive perimeter – wanted to stop

air-raids and transports between U.S. and Australia.

Battle of Coral SeaM

ay 1942 – Naval battle of aircraft carriers

C

arriers were not in sight of each other

A

ir war

S

trategic victory for U.S. – stopped Japan’s drive toward

Australia

Battle of MidwayJ

apanese needed a base on Midway island

W

e knew where Japanese were

J

apan suffered its 1st great naval defeat

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4pUD9qWKs8

Battle of GuadalcanalP

art of Solomon islands and Japan wanted air base there

A

llies wanted islands to be able to get into the Philippines

A

ug 1942 – 20,000 marines landed

A

t the same time, Japanese cruisers sank 4 allied cruisers leaving marines without any

supplies

H

and to hand combat

J

apanese evacuated Feb. 1943

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQKJY43-LmE

The end of the beginningC

hurchill & Roosevelt met in Morocco to plan future

operations and how the war may end.

Section 3

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Fall of TunisiaR

ommel recalled to Germany, Hitler aware they could

no longer hold Africa

M

ay 1943 Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered

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www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/sarah_kaminsky.html

The Battle of ItalyJ

uly 1943 – 250,000 Allied troops landed on Sicilian coastline

G

erman and Italian forces fled Sicily to go onto mainland Italy

M

ussolini forced to resign (eventually executed), new government installed, and

Italians wanted peace with Allies

A

rmistice signed Sept. 3rd with Italians but Germans maintained a stronghold in

Italy

J

une 1944 Allies entered Rome

Air WarG

erman’s focused on airborne attacks and producing airplanes

B

ritain’s RAF also bombing Germany

U

.S. joined in carpet bombing

B

ritish at night, Americans by day

P

inpoint attacks – crucial targets

B

17 bombers – flying fortress

F

ighter eventually used to protect bombers

Carpet bombing

B17 – Flying Fortress

D-DayN

ight of June 5, 1944, the largest landing by sea in history began as 4,600 invasion

craft and war-ships slipped out of their harbors in southern England.

1

000 RAF bombers pounded German defenses at Normandy.

S

ome 23,000 airborne British and American soldiers in a daring nighttime

maneuver, were dropped behind enemy lines.

A

round 150,000 Allied troops and their equipment began to come ashore of the 60

mile Normandy coast. Hitler feared a larger invasion at the narrowest part of the

English Channel near Calais. Nevertheless, German resistance at Normandy was

fierce. At Omaha Beach, the code name for one landing site, the Allies suffered

some 2,000 casualties. Within a week a half million men came ashore.

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=17jkQeus3uQ

Allies on the moveB

attle of Normandy invasion June 6 – July 24, landed 1

million men and controlled 1500 square miles

J

uly 25th Patton’s army struck hard at Germans

P

aris liberated August 25th and then Germany forced

out of France

G

erman’s western border – Siegfried Line of

Fortification

A

llies armies came to the German border from the

West and Russian troops converging on eastern

border

Battle of the BulgeD

ecember 1944

G

erman’s last attempt to break Allies

S

truck Ardennes district of France

G

erman’s successful at first, created a bulge in Allied lines

S

aved by Patton and Montgomery reinforcing

H

eroic stand by 101st Airborn division who would not surrender

G

erman’s eventually forced back to Stalingrad line

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=17jkQeus3uQ

YaltaF

ebruary 1945 – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin

A

gree on plans for German’s surrender

S

plit up, reparation and join in fighting Japanese

B

ut Stalin would not keep promises

Failure to take BerlinG

eneral Dwight D. Eisenhower stopped 50 miles west

of Berlin

T

his decision left Berlin in Russian hands

Death of RooseveltA

pril 12, 1945

R

uptured blood vessel in his

brain

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=h76zNhiuNNg

Germany surrenderH

itler committed suicide

M

ay 8, 1945 Germans signed unconditional surrender

V

-E Day

Section 4

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The struggle for the islands

G

eneral Douglas MacArthur would advance through

island of Pacific

N

avy and marines conducted series of amphibious

operations

I

sland hoping to push Japanese back and take air bases

Iwo JimaO

ne of the bloodiest battles of the war. 660 miles from Japan.

They had naval bases on the island that we wanted to destroy.

BUT, the closer to Japan we got, the more resistance.

4

miles long, by 2 ½ miles wide.

O

rders were to take Mount Suribachi and Hill 382 and the

Amphitheatre.

N

ovember 1944, American bombers began to pound Iwo Jima from the air. Mid

February 1945, marines stormed the beaches from the ships offshore.

Eventually nearly 110,000 American troops were involved in the campaign.

F

ebruary 23th, flag was raised on Mount Suribachi.

A

lthough fewer than 25,000 Japanese opposed the Americans, it took almost a

month for the marines to secure the islands.

B

ecause of the bravery on the island, 27 medals of honor were given, which was

a quarter of all the medals given in WWII.

Okinawa F

ought from April to June 1945, was equally bloody.

Nearly 100,000 defenders occupied this island, which

was little more than 350 miles from Japan itself. In June,

when the Japanese resistance finally ended after almost

three months, only 7200 defenders remained to

surrender. For American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties

made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of

the Pacific war.

Return to PhilippinesO

ct. 1944 landed ashore Leyte island

B

attle of Leyte Gulf – Japanese navy was knocked out of war

A

llies now able to land on main Philippine island of Luzon in Jan. 1945

F

ierce fighting until March 9th

J

uly 4, 1946 the Republic of Philippines was proclaimed independent

Splitting the atomS

cientists from all over the world including Albert Einstein worked

to completed the atomic bomb

J

uly 1945 New Mexico test

T

ruman had to decide if he should use bomb or have troops invade

mainland

A

ug 6th Hiroshima, Aug 9th Nagasaki, Aug 14th surrender

test