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Why Study History
Some treatments used in ancient times still used today.
Plants and Herbs used for Medicine
Morphine comes from poppy plant
Ancient Times 4000 BC – 3000 BC Illness and disease were caused by evil spirits
and demons Punishment from the gods brought disease and
illness Religion played an important role in Health Care Religion did not allow for human dissection Animals were used to learn about body parts
Ancient Times(Ancient Egyptians)
3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians Health records were first recorded by the
ancient Egyptians Bloodletting or leeches were used Gods healed people.
Ancient Times(Ancient Chinese)
1700BC – 200AD Chinese The belief to cure the spirit was practiced by the
Chinese. Holistic methods stressing entire patient body, mind & spirit
Used Acupuncture (puncture the skin by needles)
Recorded a Pharmacopeia of Medications Around the same time as the Greeks
Ancient Times(Ancient Greeks)
1200BC – 200BC Greeks 6th Century Alcmaeon discovered the brain as the
physiological site of the senses Established that disease is established by natural
causes not supernatural Stressed that good diet and cleanliness would
help prevent disease. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) 83 years old.
Father of Medicine. Created a high standard of ethics, Oath of Hippocrates. Said and Used by physicians today
Ancient Times(Ancient Romans)
753BC – 410 AD The Romans realized that some diseases were
connected to filth and implemented the use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water
In ancient times causes of disease had not been discovered and many illnesses proved to be fatal
The Dark Ages
400 AD fall of the Roman Empire 400 – 800 AD Study of Medicine prohibited Prayer and Divine intervention were
used to treat illness and disease Monks & Priests cared for the sick
The Middle Ages
800 - 1400 AD Renewed interest in the medical practices of the
Greeks & Romans 9th Century Medical Universities established to
train Doctor’s An outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1300s
resulted in the death of 75% of the people in Europe and Asia
Smallpox, Diphtheria, Typhoid killed many people
Many infants died shortly after birth, many children did not live to adulthood
The Renaissance
Time period between 1350–1650 AD
Otherwise known as the “rebirth of the science of medicine”
Human dissection to view body organs
Medical books were published
Causes of disease were still a mystery
The 16th & 17th Centuries1500 – 1599 and 1600 – 1699The 1500’s & 1600’s
Life span 35-45 years Knowledge regarding the human body
greatly increased Invention of the microscope Apothecaries (early pharmacists) were
involved in the making, prescribing, and selling of medications
Causes of disease were still not known and many people died form infection and child birth fever.
The 1500’s (16th Century)
Ambroise Pare
French Surgeon
Father of Modern Surgery
Used Ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding
Improved treatment of fractures
Promoted the use of artificial limbs
The 1500’s (16th Century)
Gabriel Fallopius
Identified the fallopian tubes in the female
Described the Tympanic membrane in the ear
The 1600’s (17th Century)
William Harvey in 1628
Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart
Before this blood was believed to be all over inside you and would go everywhere
The 1600’s (17th Century)
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1666
Invented the Microscope
“Father of Microbiology”
He developed methods for grinding lenses for more powerful magnification
Tiny single-celled organisms he called “Animlcules” now called Microorganisms
The 1600’s (17th Century)
Bartolomeo Eustachio
Identified the eustacian tube leading from the ear to the throat
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed and sold medications
The 1600’s (17th Century)
Bartolomeo Eustachio
Identified the eustacian tube leading from the ear to the throat
The 1700’s (18th Century)
Average life span 40-50 Years
Causes of many diseases unknown
Medical care remained limited
Invention of the thermometer, Feeding tube, C-section, Vaccination & Discovery of Oxygen & Vitamin C
The 1700’s (18th Century)
Gabriel Fahrenheit created the mercury thermometer in 1714
Joseph Priestley discovered the element of Oxygen in 1774
John Hunter introduced the feeding tube in 1778
The 1700’s (18th Century)
Benjamin Franklin invented Bifocals for glasses
Dr. Jessee Bennet performed the first successful C-Section for infant delivery in 1794
James Lind Prescribed Vitamin C to prevent Scurvy in 1795
The 1700’s (18th Century)
Edward Jenner developed a Vaccination for Smallpox in 1796
Studied why smallpox was low with milkmaids
Discovered those who had Cow Pox were far less likely to develop Smallpox
The word Vaccination comes from Latin for Cow “Vacca”
The 1800’s (19th Century)
Industrial Revolution. Advancements occurred because of the development of machines and ready access to books
Average life span 40-65 Years
Many Vaccines and medications were developed
Treatment for diseases was more specific after the causes for diseases were identified.
Women became active in medicine
Infection control with methods to stop the spread of disease
The 1800’s (19th Century)
1818. James Blundell Performed the First Successful blood transfusion on humans
1816 Rene Laennec Invented the stethoscope. Published a book on Auscultation (Listening to internal sounds)
1840 Ignaz Semmelweis Encouraged doctors to wash hands with lime between Autopsies and Deliveries. Idea Resisted
The 1800’s (19th Century)
1854 Florence Nightingale Reformed Nursing, established efficient & sanitary nurses. Is the founder of Modern Nursing
1865 Joseph Lister began using Antiseptics in surgery to prevent infection
1875 Paul Ehrlich, bacteriologist, detecting & differentiating microorganisms & foundation for modern theories of Immunity
The 1800’s (19th Century)
1880 First Electrical Hearing Aid
1881 Clara Barton founded American Red Cross
1882 Robert Koch developed culture plate method to identify & isolate pathogens
1885 Louis Pasteur proved that microorganisms cause disease & developed Pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
The 1800’s (19th Century)
1892 Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses
1893 Lillian Wald Started Public Health Nursing
1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays
1897 Almroth Wright developed a vaccine for typhoid fever
1899 Bayer introduced Aspirin in powdered form
The1900’s 20th Century
Most rapid growth in health care
Average life span 60-80 years
New Machines invented, such as X-rays
Medicines such as insulin for diabetes, antibiotics for infections and vaccines to prevent disease were developed
Causes for many diseases identified
The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy
Health care plans to help pay for healthcare
Computer technology help advance medicine
The1900’s 20th Century
1901 Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups
1910 Marie Curie isolates Radium
1918 Influenza Pandemic kills more than 21 million
1922 Banting & Best used insulin for Diabetes
1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
The1900’s 20th Century
1950’s Salk & Sabin develop vaccines for Pollio
1953 Crick & Watson describe the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information
1953 First Heart-Lung Machine used in open heart surgery
1963 first Liver Transplant
1964 first Lung Transplant
The1900’s 20th Century
1965 Medicare & Medicaid enacted
1967 Christian Barnard performed First Successful Heart Transplant
1973 Health Maintenance Organizations Formed (HMO’s)
1975 CT Scans Developed
1981 AIDS Identified
The1900’s 20th Century
1992 NIH research Center Established
1995 Chicken Pox Vaccine
1996 Mad Cow Disease outbreak
1996 HIPAA act signed into law
1997 “Dolly” First sheep was cloned
The 21st Century 2000’s
Human genome project
Embryonic stem cell research
Threat of bioterrorism with the use biologic agents as weapons
Viruses that can cause pandemic (world-wide) epidemics
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