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Chapter 1
The Sociological Perspective
Seeing the Broader Social Context
• How Groups Influence People
• How People are Influenced by Their Society– People Who Share a Culture– People Who Share a Territory
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Social Location - Corners in Life
• Jobs
• Income
• Education
• Gender
• Age
• Race/Ethnicity
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
C. Wright Mills - History and Biography
• History - Location in Broad Stream of Events
• Biography - Individual’s Specific Experiences
• External influences—our experiences—become part of our thinking and motivation
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The Global Context and the Local
• The Global Village
• Instant Communication– Pick up a telephone or use the Internet to
communicate instantly with people anywhere
• Sociology Studies both the Global Network and Our Unique Experiences
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Sociology and the Other Sciences
• The Natural Sciences– Explain and Predict Events in Natural
Environment
• The Social Sciences – Examine Human Relationships– Divided into specialized fields based on their
subject matter
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Sociology and the Other Sciences
• Anthropology– Studies Culture
• Economics– Studies the Production and Distribution of
Goods and Services
• Political Science– Studies How People Govern Themselves
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Sociology and the Other Sciences
• Psychology– The Study of Processes Within Individuals
• Sociology– Similarities to Other Disciplines
• Sociologists focus primarily on industrialized & postindustrialized societies
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The Goal of Science
• Explain Why Something Happens
• Make Generalizations
• Look for Patterns
• Predict What will Happen
• Move Beyond Common Sense
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Risks of Sociology
• Nooks and Crannies People Prefer Hidden
• People Attempt to Keep Secrets
• People Feel Threatened by Information
• They peer behind the scenes to get past those sugar-coated images
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Origins of Sociology
• Tradition vs. Science– The Industrial Revolution
• Masses of people moved to cities in search of work
– Grew Out of Social Upheaval– Imperialism of the Time– Rise of the Scientific Method
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Auguste Comte and Positivism
• Applying the Scientific Method to Social World
• Comte began to wonder what holds society together
• Coined the Term “Sociology”
• “Armchair Philosophy”
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Herbert Spencer - Social Darwinism
• Second Founder of Sociology
• Disagreed sharply with Comte’s idea that sociologists should guide social reform
• Lower and Higher Forms of Society
• Coined Phrase “Survival of the Fittest”
• Spencer’s idea that it was wrong to help the poor offended many
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Karl Marx and Class Conflict
• Engine of Human History is Class Conflict
• The Bourgeoisie vs. The Proletariat
• Marxism Not the Same as Communism
• Marx thought that people should try to change society
• Marx did not think of himself as a sociologist
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Durkheim and Social Integration
• Got Sociology Recognized as Separate Discipline
• Studied How Social Forces Affect Behavior
• Identified “Social Integration” - Degree to Which People are Tied to Social Group
• Applying Durkheim
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Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic
• Religion and the Origin of Capitalism– Disagreed with Marx’s claim that economics is
the central force in social change– Said that role belongs to religion
• Religion is Central Force in Social Change
• Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Values in Sociological Research
• Sociology Should be Value-Free
• Sociology Should be Objective
• Research Should Involve Replication
• Goals and Uses of Sociology
• That bias has no place in research is not a matter of debate
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Verstehen and Social Facts
• Weber– Verstehen - “To Grasp by Insight”– Importance of Subjective Meanings
• Durkheim– Stressed Social Facts– Explain Social Facts with Other Social Facts
• How Social Fact & Verstehen Fit Together
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Sociology in North America
• First Took Root in 1890 at University of Kansas
• Spread Rapidly in Next 20 Years
• Not at Harvard until 1930
• American Journal of Sociology 1895
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Sexism in Early Sociology
• Attitudes of the Time– 1800s Sex Roles Rigidly Defined– Few People Educated Beyond Basics
• Harriet Martineau– Published Society in America Before
Durkheim and Weber Were Born– Her work was Ignored
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Racism at the Time: W.E.B Du Bois
• B.A. from Fisk University
• First Harvard Ph.D. for African American
• It is difficult to grasp how racist society was at this time
• Published a Book Each Year from 1896-1914
• Neglected by Sociologist Until Recently
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Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer
• Member of American Sociological Society from Start
• Came from Background of Wealth and Privilege
• Co-Founded Hull House
• Co-Founded American Civil Liberties Union
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Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills
• Many early North American sociologists saw society as corrupt & in need of reform
• Parsons Developed Objective Analysis and Models of Society
• Mills Deplored Theoretical Abstractions in Favor of Social Reform
• Continuing Tension in Sociology
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Theoretical Perspectives
• Basic Sociology
• Symbolic Interactionism– How People Use Symbols in Everyday Life– Applying Symbolic Interactionism
• Changing meaning of symbols affects expectations
• Public Sociology
• Social Reform is risky
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Applying Symbolic Interactionism - Examples
• The Meaning of Marriage
• The Meaning of Divorce
• The Meaning of Parenthood
• The Meaning of Love
• In Sum– Symbolic interactionists look at how changing
ideas put pressure on married couples
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Functional Analysis
• Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of Interrelated Parts that Work Together
• Functionalism, Structural Functionalism
• Robert Merton and Functionalism– Functions
• Manifest• Latent
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Functional Analysis
– Dysfunctions
• Applying Functional Analysis– Economic Teams– Education of Children– Teaching of Religion
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Functional Analysis
– Care of the Sick and Elderly– A Glimpse of the Past - 1800s– Changes in the Functions of…
• Family• Friends
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Conflict Theory
• Karl Marx and Conflict Theory
• Conflict Theory Today
• Feminists and Conflict Theory
• Applying Conflict Theory
• Functionalists and Conflict Theorists - Macro Level
• Symbolic Interactionists - Micro Level
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Trends Shaping the Future
• Sociology Full Circle: Reform vs. Research– Three Stages in Sociology– Diversity of Orientations
• Globalization– Application of Globalization
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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