Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ...

Chapter 18

The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships.

ARISTOTLE◦ First to classify organisms more than 2000

years ago.◦ Classified all organisms into TWO groups

Plants Further classified by stem differences.

Animals Further classified based on where animals

were found. (air, land, water)

Everyday names given to organisms. Common names may NOT accurately

describe the organism.◦ Examples: jellyfish, mountain lion

Mean:Two Names CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Swedish naturalist

(1707-1778)◦ He broke organisms into hierarchical categories

Categories (smallest to largest)

Examples

SPECIESStructurally similar

organisms

sapiens

GENUSSimilar species grouped

FAMILYSimilar genera

Hominidae

ORDERSimilar families

Primates

CLASSSimilar orders

Mammalia

PHYLUM/DIVISIONSimilar classes

Chordata

KINGDOMSimilar phyla/divisions

Animalia

Binomial name Includes Genus

& species names Examples:

◦ Rana pipiens- Leopard frog

◦ Homo sapiens – Human beings

Subspecies: morphologically different & geographically separated.

Varieties: Morphologically different & often not geographically separated.

Strain: Biochemically dissimilar group within a species.◦ Example: bacteria

Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of a species.

Taxonomic Identification:◦ Dichotomous Key – A written set of choices that

leads to the name of an organism.◦ Phylogenetic Tree – A visual model of the inferred

relationships among organisms.◦ Biosystematics – A form of taxonomy that

examines reproductive compatibility & gene flow. Studies speciation, or formation of a new species.

KINGDOM CELL TYPE # OF CELLS NUTRITION

ArchaebacteriaMethanogens

Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto-heterotrophic

Eubacteria“true bacteria”

Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto-heterotrophic

ProtistaAmoebas

Eukaryotic Uni & multicellular

Auto-heterotrophic

FungiMushroom

Eukaryotic Uni & multicellular

Heterotrophic

PlantaeMosses, ferns

Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic (rarely hetero-)

AnimaliaMammals

Eukaryotic Multicellular heterotrophic

Chapter 18. The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships. ...

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