Chapter 19 Illegal Drugs and Terrorism. Drug Statistics An estimated 2.8 millions Americans are...

Chapter 19

Illegal Drugs and Terrorism

Drug Statistics

• An estimated 2.8 millions Americans are dependent on illegal drugs.

• Americans spent $64 billion for illegal drugs in 2000.

• Total economic cost to society in 2000 was $160 billion.

• In 2000 there were 11,651 drug-related deaths in 40 U.S. metropolitan areas.

Seven Categories of Drugs

1. Central Nervous System Depressants

2. Central Nervous System Stimulants

3. Narcotic Analgesics

4. Hallucinogens

5. Phencyclidine

6. Cannabis

7. Inhalents

Most Commonly Used Drugs

• Cocaine• Codeine• Crack• Heroin• Marijuana• Morphine• Opium

Crack

• A.k.a. rock or crack rock• Mix cocaine with baking soda and water, heat

solution in a pan, dry and split it into pellet-size bits or chunks

• Vials sell for $10 to $25 each• Smoked in glass pipes• Experience a rapid high• Much cheaper than cocaine• 10 times the impact of cocaine

Effects of Crack on the Body

• Brain: creates a craving, irritability, euphoria followed by severe depression, convulsions, sleeplessness, inability to feel normal pleasures, paranoia, psychosis, and a suicidal tendency.

• Heart: increases heart rate and blood pressure, which can result in arrhythmia or heart attack.

• Lungs: causes similar damage to emphysema.• Throat: causes sore throat and hoarseness.• Skin: creates sensation of bugs crawling on skin.• Appetite: reduces appetite malnutrition.

Heroin

• Synthesized from morphine

• 10 times more powerful than morphine

• Addictive and expensive

• Causes easing of fears, followed by euphoria, and finally stupor

• South American heroin dominates the U.S. market

Marijuana

• Classified as a narcotic, depressant, and hallucinogen

• More than 83 million Americans have tried it at least once

• Street names: grass, herb, marry Jane, mj, pot, reefer, and weed

• Outlawed by the Federal Marijuana and Tax Act of 1927

Methamphetamine

• Synthetic Stimulant made from toxic chemicals• Taken by snorting, smoking, swallowing, or

injecting • Typical users: high school and college students

and the working class• Tweaker: methamphetamine addict• Street names: blue mollies, chalk, crank, crystal,

glass, go-fast, ice, LA glass, meth, methlies Quick, Mexican Quick, quartz, Sheba, sketch, speed, stovetop, West Coast, and yellow bam

Club Drugs

• Ecstacy (MDMA)

• Rohypnol (date rape drug/roofies)

• GHB

• LSD (acid)

• 2C-B or Nexus

Drug Addict

• “Any person who habitually uses any habit-forming narcotic drug so as to endanger the public morals, health, safety or welfare, or who is or has been so far addicted to the use of habit-forming narcotic drugs as to have lost the power of self-control with reference to the addiction.”

Symptoms of Drug Abuse• Sudden changes in discipline and job performance• Unusual degree of activity or inactivity• Sudden, irrational outbursts• Significant deterioration in appearance• Dilated pupils or wearing sunglasses at inappropriate

times or places• Needle marks or razor cuts or constant wearing of long

sleeves to hide such marks• Sudden attempts to borrow money or to steal• Frequent association with known drug abusers/dealers

Physical Evidence of Possession or Use of Controlled Substances

• Actual drugs• Apparatus

associated with their use

• The suspect’s appearance and behavior

• Urine and Blood tests

Establishing Probable Cause

• Knowledge of the suspect’s criminal record• Observing other people making contact with the

suspect and finding drugs on them• Knowing of the suspect’s past relationships with

other drug users or sellers• Observing actions of the suspect that indicate a

drug buy• Informants

Undercover Agents

• Be thoroughly conversant with the language of the user and seller

• Know the street prices of drugs• Have a tight cover• Talk little and listen much• Observe without being noticed• Devise an excuse to avoid using the drugs• Work within the seller’s system• Avoid dangerous situations

Drug-Dealer Officer Dynamics

Freedom

Officer

DrugsMoney

Investigative Aids

• DMAP’s Automated Pin Map• DEA’s National Drug Pointer Index

(NDPIX)• Minibuster• Dogs• Drug-sniffing pot-bellied pigs• Mechanical Sniffers• High-accuracy laser rangefinder

Terrorism Defined

• “The use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom” – Terrorism Research Center

• “The unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives” - FBI

Typologies of Terrorists

• Ideologically motivated– Theologically motivated– Politically motivated

• Psychologically dangerous– Delusional– Sociopaths

• Seeking revenge for personal benefit

Types of Terrorism

• Eco-terrorism

• Cyberterrorism

• Technological terrorism

• Bioterrorism

Terrorists

• Extremely focused– Targets are selected for a particular purpose, as is the

method of attack

• Extremely committed • Team-oriented, operate in cells, often unaware of

the activities or existence of other cells within the same organization

• Highly disciplined • Highly trained• Attack-oriented

Elements of Terrorism

• Criminal in Nature

• Targets are typically symbolic

• Terrorists’ actions are always aggressive and often violent

• Terrorists’ purpose is to communicate

Approaches to Investigation

• Develop a heightened awareness of extremist ideologies

• Learn to identify extremists in the field

• Watch for extremists/terrorists events

• Train officers to protect themselves from these individuals in the field

• Be aware that terrorism is happening