Chapter 2: The English Colonies

CHAPTER 2: THE ENGLISH COLONIES

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I. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

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Jamestown, VA – 1607 - the 1st permanent English settlement in America Settled by the London

Company (joint-stock company)

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Not prepared to build or farm, 2/3 die by winter

John Smith – leader 1608 Helped by powerful Powhatan

Indians John Rolfe marries Pocahontas

– forms a peaceful alliance with natives (for a while)

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Daily Life Headright system – colonists who paid their

own way received 50acres of land + 50 more for anyone they brought Large tobacco farms were established

Most people came as indentured servants – a person who was given a free trip in exchange for working off the debt once there

Slaves begin to arrive in 1619

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Bacon’s Rebellion Colonial officials began taxing colonists Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against the

local government in 1676 – attacking and burning Jamestown

**** 1st example of rebellion against taxation in “New World” ****

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Religious freedom and economic opportunities motives for founding other colonies in the

south

Maryland – began as a refuge for English Catholics – set up by Lord Baltimore, 1634

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Toleration Act of 1649 – a bill that made it a crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians ****Later used as an example in U.S.

Constitution freedom of religion****

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The Carolinas – most colonists were farmers, while South Carolina had large plantations with many slaves

Georgia – founded by James Oglethorpe as a refuge for debtors in 1733 Began as small farms with

slavery outlawed Settlers grew unhappy rice

plantations began to grow and worked by slaves

The Carolinas – most colonists were farmers, while South Carolina had large plantations with many slaves

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Farming and slavery were very important to the Southern Colonies

Economies depended on cash crops tobacco, rice, indigo

Enslaves Africans became main source of labor Slave codes – laws to control slaves were passed

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II. The New England Colonies = religious freedom (ME, NH, MA, CT, RI)

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Pilgrims – wanted to separate from the Anglican ChurchLeave the Netherlands

in 1620 on the Mayflower

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Mayflower Compact – a legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good *** First example of a

constitution in America***

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Native Americans – Squanto – taught them to farm, and fertilize soil celebrate 1st Thanksgiving with Wampanoag Indians

Women had better legal rights than in England14

Puritans - disagreed with official church opinions and wanted to purify the Anglican Church1629-1640 thousands left England for the

Massachusetts Bay ColonyThe colony was well prepared and would thrive

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Religion and government were closely linked in the N.E. Colonies

Because religion was the major reason for the creation of the colony, it was closely tied to government activities

Government leaders were also church members Dissenters (people who disagreed) were banned

from the colony Several religious conflict would erupt

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•The N.E. Economy farming and trade

Farming Harsh climate and

rocky soil = few cash crops

Raised crops and animals for own use = little need for slaves

Trade Merchants traded goods

locally and overseas Fishing and shipbuilding

were major industries

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Education Public education New England

Primer – stories from the Bible Higher education Harvard College

1636, College of William and Mary 1693

Harvard - 1720

William and Mary College

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III. The Middle Colonies = diverse settlements (NY, PA, NJ, DE)

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NY and NJ were created from former Dutch territories Once called

New Netherlands, the English captured it and renamed it New York in 1664

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William Penn established the colony of Pennsylvania Quakers were one of the largest religious

groups in NJ PA was founded as a refuge for Quakers –

and guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians

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Economy trade and staple crops Staple crops – wheat, barley, oats – crops

that are always needed Few slaves, mostly indentured servants for

labor Traded their staple crops with Britain and

West Indies

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IV. Life in the English Colonies – they continue to grow despite many challenges

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COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS WERE INFLUENCED BY POLITICAL CHANGES IN ENGLAND

English Bill of Rights - (1689) – Parliament replaced the unpopular King James II and the Eng. Bill of Rights reduced the power of future monarchs.

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Colonial Govt’sEach colony had their own govt. – the

power came from their charterThe King had the ultimate authorityGovernor was the head

Assisted by a council The town meeting was the center of N.E.

political life

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English Trade Laws England set up the

colonies to make money!

Mercantilism – a system of creating and maintaining wealth through controlled trade

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Navigation Acts – colonists could only trade specific items (sugar, cotton) within the British Empire hated by the colonies

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Triangular Trade – a system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Great Britain, and Africa

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Middle Passage – the voyage that brought millions of African slaves to the Americas

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SLAVE SHIPS

The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment encourages political equality among colonists

Great Awakening – (1730-40) a religious movement that swept through the colonies that revived religion Revivals be came

popular places to talk about political and social issues

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The Enlightenment – (1700’s) – a movement that spread the idea that reason could improve society Formed ideas how gov’t should

work People had natural rights –

life, liberty, property These ideas influenced colonial

leaders

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The French and Indian War (aka “Seven Years War”)Indian Allies – based on trade

partners English – Iroquois League French – Algonquin and Huron

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English win!

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Treaty of Paris – Britain gets:CanadaAll French

lands east of the Mississippi River

Florida (from Spain)

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The Western Frontier Most settlements

were along the coast, but people slowly began to move further west

Pontiac’s Rebellion causes more fighting and frontier people needed protection by the English army

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King George III issues Proclamation of 1763 – banning settlements west of the Appalachian Mts.

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V. CONFLICT IN THE COLONIES

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BRITISH EFFORTS TO RAISE TAXES COLONIST’S TAXES ARE MET WITH OUTRAGE

Eng. paid for the French and Indian War, and to keep troops in N. America for protection

Parliament passed the Sugar Act in 1764 to help pay for costs

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Colonists felt their should be “No Taxation Without Representation” in Parliament

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John Hancock

Sam Adams begins the Committees of Correspondence – as a way to keep the colonies informed of British Laws

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Taxing the coloniesStamp Act of 1765

Paid for official stamp or seal on purchase of paper items

Sons of Liberty – secret society, Sam Adams, used violence to scare tax collectors

All of the outrage caused it to be repealed in 176642

Townshend Acts of 1767Tax on glass, lead, paints, paper, and teaMore uproar from colonistsBritish troops are sent in 1768 to quiet the

noise

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Should troops be used as a police force?

Propaganda:Information put out by an

organization to spread and promote a policy, idea, doctrine, or cause

Deceptive or distorted information that is systematically spread

A story giving only one side of an argument

MisinformationHalf truths

THE BOSTON MASSACRE

A crowd gathered in Boston after a British soldier struck a colonist – March 5, 1770

Soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 3 people

The shootings were named the “Boston Massacre” by the colonist media

This event caused even more resentment against the British

The Boston Massacr

e

Paul Revere’s

Engraving

THE BOSTON TEA PARTY Colonial merchant had been smuggling tea to

avoid taxes Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773 to allow

the British East India Company to sell cheap tea in the colonies

Dec. 16, 1773 – Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians, board the ships, dump the tea into Boston Harbor

In response to the Tea Party Britain passed the Intolerable

Acts1. Boston Harbor is

closed2. Massachusetts

charter in canceled

3. Royal officials accused of crimes are to be sent to England for trial

4. Gen. Thomas Gage was made new Governor of MA