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Chapter 3: The Human Body: A
Nutritional Perspective
Body Cells
Form tissues
Tissues form Organs
Organs form Systems (e.g., digestive)
Cell membranes allow passage of substances in & out of cells
DNA in nucleus
Four Types of Tissues
Epithelial Covers surfaces inside & outside of the body
Connective Supports & protects the body, stores fat
Muscle Able to contract & relax are designed for movement
Nervous Brain & spinal column, communicate by transporting
nerve impulses
Nutrition & systems
Each type of organ system is impacted by nutrient intake & simultaneously determines how each nutrient is used
Genetic influence is significant in that DNA controls what happens next
CirculationCardiovascular System Heart and blood vessels Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation Portal circulation
Lymphatic system Lymph vessels & fluid Immune function Drains excess fluids Carries large fat compounds
Portal Circulation
Transports nutrients
From the small intestine
Delivers to the liver
Allow liver to process nutrients before returning it to the bloodstream
Exchange of Nutrients
Insert Fig. 3-4
Blood Circulation
Nervous SystemRegulatory system
Central Nervous SystemBrain & spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous SystemBranches out to organs
NeuronResponds to electrical & chemical signals
Transmission
Insert Fig. 3-6
Sending Signals
Exchange of sodium & potassium concentration
NeurotransmitterSecretion of dopamine, epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Transmission is dependent on nutrients supply
Endocrine System
Secretes regulatory substances (hormones)
Body’s messenger
Insulin
Thyroid hormones
Immune System
Defense against invading pathogens
Skin, intestinal cells, WBC
Sensitive indicator of the body’s nutritional status
The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth to anusEpithelial cells line the lumenBarrier to invadersSubmucosal layer
Taste and smell
The MouthMastication-chewing
Saliva Salivary amylase begins the breakdown of starch Mucus to lubricate the food for easier swallowing Lysozyme to kill bacteria
Tongue Taste receptors
The Esophagus
Long tube
Connects pharynx to the stomach
Epiglottis prevents choking
Peristalsis, muscle contraction
Lower esophageal sphincter
Heartburn
The Stomach
Lower esophageal sphincter & pyloric sphincter
Capacity of ~4 cups
Secretion of acid & enzymes
Holds food for 2-4 hours
Formation of chyme
Mucus layer prevents autodigestion
Physiology of the Stomach
The Small Intestine
The walls are folded
Villi projections are located on the folds
Absorptive cells are located on the villi
Increases intestinal surface area by 600x
Rapid cell turnover
The Small Intestine
The Large Intestine
~3 1/2 feet in length
No villi or enzymes present
Little digestion occurs
Indigestible food stuff
Absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins
Contains bacteria
Formation of feces for elimination
Rectum
Stool remains
Stimulates elimination
Muscle contraction
Anal sphincters
Movement Along the Intestine
PeristalsisRings of contractions propelling material
along the GI tract
Mass movementPeristaltic wave that contracts over a large
area of the large intestine to help eliminate waste
Movement
Accessory Organs
Pancreas enzymes
Liver bile
Gallbladder storage
The Pancreas
Manufactures digestive enzymes
Produces glucagon & insulin
Secretes pancreatic juices
Bicarbonate needed to neutralize chyme
The Urinary System
KidneysUreterBladderUrethraRemoves waste productsProper function determined by cardiovascular system, fluid intake & drug use
Ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Excessive use of aspirin
Excessive acid production
Stress
Stomach looses its mucus protection
S/S: pain in ~2 hrs after eating
Rx: Antibiotics, antacid, refrain from smoking, limit use of aspirin and aspirin like meds.
Heartburn
S/S: Gnawing pain in the upper chest
Movement of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Rx: smaller, more frequent meals, low fat, wait 2 hours before lying down, refrain from smoking, low excess weight, limit spicy foods, medication
Constipation
Difficult or infrequent bowel movement
Caused by slow motility, medication &/or supplements of calcium/iron
Feces stay in the large intestine longer
Ignore normal urges to defecate
Rx: Eat plenty of dietary fiber, drink more fluids, regular physical activity
Laxatives
Irritate the intestinal nerve to stimulate peristaltic muscles or
Draws water into the intestine
Regular use can decrease muscle action in the large intestine
GI tract becomes dependent on laxatives
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins of the rectum & anus
Intense pressure and straining
S/S: pain, itching, bleeding
Rx: eat plenty of fiber and fluid
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
S/S: Cramps, gassiness, bloating, irregular bowel functionPossibly caused by altered intestinal peristalsis and decreased pain thresholdRx: individualized, elimination diet, moderate caffeine, low fat, small meals, stress reduction
Diarrhea
Increased fluidity, frequency or amount of bowel movement
Usually caused by an infection in the intestine
Bacteria & viruses cause the intestinal cells to secrete fluid
Rx: plenty of fluid
Genetics
Entire organism is controlled by genes in cells
Human Genome Project (2003) Cookbook of recipes
Traits Risk for diseases
Genetic Screening Treatment Gene therapy
Nutrigenomics
The study of how food impacts health through its interactions with genes & its subsequent effect on gene expression
Your specific nutritional requirements that will effect diseases & their progression
Nutritional Diseases
Cancer: Colon, breast & prstateHTN: 10-15% salt sensitiveDiabetes: type 1 & type 2Obesity: genes regulate weight
Nature vs. nurture
Cardiovascular Disease (CV)1:500cholesterol homocysteine (aa)
Genetic Testing?
Testing will be available but very expensive
Family tree!
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