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Chapter 5The Greek City-States
Why study Greece?
“Birthplace of Western Civilization”Trial by Jury Greek Myths Democracy Tragedy and Comedy Theatre The Olympics
I. Early Greeks and the Rise of City States A. Geography – Makes for separate City-states
Balkan Peninsula Aegean Sea - East Ionian Sea - West Many islands Sea important - Fishers, traders/merchants,
sailors No sense of unity Mountains cut up Greece mainland
Kept villages apart Rivers didn’t help trade and/or travel (short) Farming – not enough to sustain
Differences: Egypt vs. Greece a) Egypt: desert Greece: little rainfall;
few fertile areas b) Egypt: flat Greece:
mountainous c) Egypt: one solid land Greece: peninisula;
many islands d) Egypt: Nile Greece: few rivers
The way the Greeks saw it:
I. Early Greeks and the Rise of I. Early Greeks and the Rise of City StatesCity States
Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization Island of Crete - 2,000 B.C.Island of Crete - 2,000 B.C. Arthur Evans (English Arthur Evans (English
Archaeologist) discoveredArchaeologist) discovered King of Crete – King of Crete – MinosMinos KnossosKnossos – Palace – Palace Palace and homes of nobles had Palace and homes of nobles had
running waterrunning waterFrescoesFrescoes (paintings made on (paintings made on
wet plaster walls)wet plaster walls)
Frescoe – The Toreador Frescoe
Map of Crete
Early GreeksEarly Greeks
Palace at Knossos – Palace at Knossos – 800 rooms800 rooms Catastrophic collapseCatastrophic collapse
1. Tsunami1. Tsunami 2. invasion and pillaging 2. invasion and pillaging
from mainland Greeks –from mainland Greeks –
MycenaeansMycenaeans
Palace at Knossos: Western Monumental Palace Entrance
Palace at Knossos:
Palace at Knossos:Excavations
showing channels for
running water
Palace at Knossos: “Throne Room”
Early GreeksEarly Greeks
Mycenaeans – 1400 BC – Mycenaeans – 1400 BC – conquered Creteconquered CreteMycenaean – derived from Mycenaean – derived from
MycenaeMycenaefirst excavated by the first excavated by the
amateur German amateur German archaeologist archaeologist Heinrich Heinrich SchliemannSchliemann
Early GreeksEarly Greeks Warrior peopleWarrior people
Pride in heroic deedsPride in heroic deedsFamous military adventureFamous military adventure
Epic by Homer – Illiad – Trojan Epic by Homer – Illiad – Trojan WarWar
Theories to collapse of Theories to collapse of Mycenaean GreeceMycenaean Greece
Invaded by Dorians from Invaded by Dorians from NorthNorth
Others believe that Conflicts Others believe that Conflicts among Kings and Natural among Kings and Natural disasters caused collapsedisasters caused collapse
Early GreeksEarly Greeks
TROJAN WARTROJAN WARPriam – King of TroyPriam – King of TroyParis and Hector - princes of TroyParis and Hector - princes of TroyHelen (wife of Spartan King Menelaus)Helen (wife of Spartan King Menelaus)““Face that launches a 1000 ships”Face that launches a 1000 ships”King King MenelausMenelaus and and AgamemnonAgamemnon of of
Mycenae - Mycenae - ten year warten year warMycenaeans Mycenaeans win win Infamous Trojan horseInfamous Trojan horse
Heinrich SchliemannHeinrich Schliemann – uncovers ruins – uncovers ruins of Troyof Troy
Helen of Troy
Mask of Agamemnon
Greek City-State
Polis (Poleis)– Greek word for city-state Small, autonomous political unit Political, social and religious activities
Populations fewer than 10,000 (Athens 40,000)
Acropolis, or hill, where fort was built Refuge from attacks, temples, and other
public buildings Agora – an open space that served both as a
place where citizens could assemble and as a market
Acropolis in Athens
Greek City-State Chora land outside the city walls Territory of Attica (peninsula) – 12 poleis
Combined to become Athens Community – citizens w/ political rights
(adult men)
- citizens w/ no political rights
(women and children)
- non-citizens (slaves and resident aliens)
Polis – give identity and believe they owe loyalty to the city-state Hubris – sin or excessive pride in ancient Greece
Greek City-state
Citizens possess fundamental rights, had responsibilities Aristotle, “we must rather regard every
citizen as belonging to the state” Distrust among city-states New military system
7th century – Hoplite Infantry formation
the Phalanx (rectangular formation) Had to provide own armor, men of property (aristocrats and small farmers)
Macedonian Phalanx Formation
II. Greek City-states: GovernmentGovernment Monarchy - An undivided rule or absolute power
by a single person. First began as tribes with chiefs. Poor and farmers were unhappy Looked for new government
Aristocracy / Oligarchy rule by (few) nobles with power who over
throw the king, (originally meant rule by best) the merchant class will demand a greater say
Greek City-States: Government Tyrants – someone who illegally took power but
had the people’s support Seize power by force and promise better life Tyrants ruled well then unjust Overthrow tyrants
Democracy – Some city-states, Athens – (government in which citizens take part) Popular governmentidea that people can and should rule themselves
Greek Unification
Factors of UnificationFactors that may have led to unification
Same LanguageCommon ancestorsCommon ReligionCommon Festivals – OlympicsGreeks considered all non-Greeks barbarians
Greek Unification continued…
Factors that kept them apart (1) Geography-mountains and islands
- barriers (2) spirit of independence and
pride among city states – valued freedom
(3) lacked trust in each other (4) each had own laws, gov't,
calendar, money, etc.
III. Greek MythologyIII. Greek Mythology• Not concerned with the afterlife – Not concerned with the afterlife –
often crematedoften cremated• Not a traditional religionNot a traditional religion
– No clergyNo clergy– No clear doctrine, written code/sacred bookNo clear doctrine, written code/sacred book– No church structure/church governmentNo church structure/church government
• What did they have?What did they have?– Jumble of myths, ideasJumble of myths, ideas
and superstitionsand superstitions
III. Greek MythologyIII. Greek Mythology
• Greeks wanted 3 things from Greeks wanted 3 things from ReligionReligion– 1. Explanation of certain 1. Explanation of certain
mysteries - thunder, lightning, mysteries - thunder, lightning, change of season, etc.change of season, etc.
– 2. Explanation of emotions - lose 2. Explanation of emotions - lose self-controlself-control
– 3. A way to gain benefits - good 3. A way to gain benefits - good harvests, long life, good fortuneharvests, long life, good fortune
III. Greek MythologyIII. Greek Mythology• Pantheon (group of Deities)Pantheon (group of Deities)
– Mt. Olympus was homeMt. Olympus was home• Each City had patron deityEach City had patron deity
– Athens Athens Athena Athena – Sparta Sparta Artemis Artemis
• Greek mythologyGreek mythology
emphasizes weakness emphasizes weakness
of humansof humans
IV. THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSIV. THE ANCIENT OLYMPICS
THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSTHE ANCIENT OLYMPICS
Early HistoryEarly History
11stst Olympic Games – 776 BC in Greece Olympic Games – 776 BC in Greece
OlympiaOlympia
Athletic contests and other types of public Athletic contests and other types of public spectacle spectacle
Sport Sport training for being soldier training for being soldier
““Truce of Zeus”Truce of Zeus”
THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSTHE ANCIENT OLYMPICS
Ancient remains Ancient remains from the from the
Olympia site in Olympia site in Greece, where Greece, where
the Olympic the Olympic Games first Games first
began.began.
THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSTHE ANCIENT OLYMPICS
Reasons for the GamesReasons for the Games– Served at first as an element Served at first as an element
in various religious in various religious observancesobservances
– Held in honor of Gods (Zeus)Held in honor of Gods (Zeus)
THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSTHE ANCIENT OLYMPICS
C.C. Early CompetitionEarly CompetitionThe events included…The events included…
footraces; race with full armorfootraces; race with full armorwrestlingwrestlingboxingboxinghorse & chariot racinghorse & chariot racinglong jumplong jumpdiscusdiscusjavelin throwjavelin throwPankration -a mix of wrestling and Pankration -a mix of wrestling and boxing with very few rulesboxing with very few rules
THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSTHE ANCIENT OLYMPICS
Games every 4 yearsGames every 4 years Olympic winners = national heroes Olympic winners = national heroes
music and poetrymusic and poetryolive wreatholive wreath
Flame – Zeus and PrometheusFlame – Zeus and Prometheus
fire kept burning fire kept burning
Relay of torch introduced byRelay of torch introduced by
Adolf Hitler - 1928Adolf Hitler - 1928
THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSTHE ANCIENT OLYMPICSWomen and the Olympics
No Women ParticipantsMarried – not allowed to watch
If married and found watching executed
Why???Reason – all male participants were
nakedRunning events for women were held
every four years in honor of Hera
V. Sparta1) Sparta 1100 BC invaders from North conquer
people to work for them Helot Settled in Sparta Peloponnesus isolated Sparta – located in
valley – mountainous Completely different from Athens
V. Sparta Militaristic state Sparta – military ideal
Boastful, proud Felt that militaristically they were superior to all
Social Groups A. Equals – descended from the invaders –
Dorians Controlled the City-state
B. ½ Citizens – free, paid taxes, served in the army, some farmed No political power
V. Sparta
C. Helots – lowest class in Sparta Slaves of the city-state Spartans decided how they
should work and live Masters could allow them
freedom Terrorized stop rebelling
V. Sparta Spartan Government
2 kings (checks and balance) Council of Elders – (28) each elected by all citizens General Assembly of Citizens – (all males over 30)
Had 5 Ephors – “overseers” Had unlimited power Forbade gold and silver usage (luxuries make
weak and evil) Forbade traveling and mixing with other people
(ideas would weaken discipline) Culturally stagnate
V. Sparta Sparta controlled lives of citizens (birth to
death) GOAL: make all male citizens part of
military machine Military will control the helots and expand
the empire Men and Women were equally strong Babies were examine
IV. Sparta
Apothetae – Place of Rejection Maintain high physical standard Boys were educated at home until age 7 Taught to fight – went to the barracks Age 13 – boys sent to countryside w/
nothing – had to survive on wits and cunning
Receiving no education after age 7 Agoge
IV. Sparta 20yrs old – entered military 60 yrs old Could marry but could not live at home until 30 Could not engage in trade or business – money
interferes with military discipline Spartan Women – did not go through same military
training Education of women – physical and grueling
Infant baby girls killed if weak Strong women = strong babies Lives dedicated to the state
VI. AthensVI. Athens
Located on the Attic Peninsula – one of Located on the Attic Peninsula – one of
least fertile areas in Greeceleast fertile areas in Greece A. Social StructureA. Social Structure
– CitizensCitizens:: Could be rich aristocrats or poor Could be rich aristocrats or poor
farmersfarmers Own land and Athenian bornOwn land and Athenian born
– Metics:Metics: Non-Athenians; middle classNon-Athenians; middle class Free but could not own landFree but could not own land Could not take part in governmentCould not take part in government
VI. AthensVI. Athens
– Slaves:Slaves: Considered slavery as natural and Considered slavery as natural and
necessarynecessary Captured in warCaptured in war Could be freed Could be freed became metics became metics More than ½ population was metic or More than ½ population was metic or
slavesslaves
VI. AthensVI. Athens
B. Early GovernmentB. Early Government– Monarchy Monarchy Aristocracy Aristocracy– Elected 9 Elected 9 ArchonsArchons – rulers who – rulers who
served 1 yr. termsserved 1 yr. terms Laws not written down Laws not written down 600’s BC - 600’s BC -
archon archon DracoDraco codified Athens’s 1 codified Athens’s 1stst written law codewritten law code
Today called Today called Draconian LawDraconian Law – very – very harshharsh
VI. AthensVI. Athens SolonSolon – archon in 594 BC– archon in 594 BC
- Repealed most of the laws from - Repealed most of the laws from DracoDraco
- Introduced - Introduced TimokratiaTimokratia (Timocracy) (Timocracy)– – an oligarchy with a sliding scale of an oligarchy with a sliding scale of rights determined by property and rights determined by property and productive capabilityproductive capability Re-wrote constitution Re-wrote constitution Solonian Solonian
ConstitutionConstitution- Introduced Trial by Jury- Introduced Trial by Jury- Erased all debts; freed those who - Erased all debts; freed those who
became slaves because of the debtsbecame slaves because of the debts
VI. AthensVI. Athens Aristocrats will attempt to end Solon’s reforms Aristocrats will attempt to end Solon’s reforms
Anarchy (w/out archons) or period of no gov’t Anarchy (w/out archons) or period of no gov’t Peisistratus / PisistratusPeisistratus / Pisistratus (Py-sis-truh-tus) 560 (Py-sis-truh-tus) 560
BCBC– Tyrant – came to power during anarchyTyrant – came to power during anarchy– Abolished landowning requirement for being a Abolished landowning requirement for being a
citizencitizen– Although improved the economyAlthough improved the economy– Credited w/ development of 1Credited w/ development of 1stst welfare state welfare state
land loan to underprivileged land loan to underprivileged
VI. AthensVI. Athens
– Land loan was to encourage Land loan was to encourage autarky autarky – economy that does – economy that does not trade with outside world, relies not trade with outside world, relies entirely on own resourcesentirely on own resources
Cleisthenes Cleisthenes (Klys–thuh–neez) 507 BC(Klys–thuh–neez) 507 BC– Seized power in Athens Seized power in Athens turned turned
into democracy into democracy based on wealth based on wealth– Divided citizens of Athens into 10 Divided citizens of Athens into 10
tribestribes Each tribe chose 50 men (30yrs or Each tribe chose 50 men (30yrs or
older)older) formed formed Council of 500Council of 500
VI. AthensVI. Athens– Under Cleisthenes Under Cleisthenes Direct Direct
DemocracyDemocracy All citizens participated directly in All citizens participated directly in
making decisionsmaking decisions The United States uses The United States uses
Representative DemocracyRepresentative Democracy Pericles (The Age of Pericles)Pericles (The Age of Pericles)
– ““Father of Democracy”Father of Democracy”– Instituted the democratic government Instituted the democratic government
based on merit not wealthbased on merit not wealth– Athens at its peak of power and wealthAthens at its peak of power and wealth– Paid officeholdersPaid officeholders
VI. AthensVI. Athens FamilyFamily
– Valued strong family life and educationValued strong family life and education– Valued marriage (girls: 13/14 men: 30ish)Valued marriage (girls: 13/14 men: 30ish)
Main purpose – to have kidsMain purpose – to have kids If can’t afford child – left to dieIf can’t afford child – left to die
– Women had few legal rightsWomen had few legal rights Bear and rear kidsBear and rear kids Legally and socially inferior to men, Legally and socially inferior to men,
couldn’t inherit propertycouldn’t inherit property– Mother took care of child until age 6Mother took care of child until age 6
Boys then came under care of Boys then came under care of pedagoguepedagogue (male slave who taught the (male slave who taught the boy manners)boy manners)
Girls learned to run householdGirls learned to run household– Wealthy girls learned to read and writeWealthy girls learned to read and write
VI. AthensVI. Athens
Education: Valued EducationEducation: Valued Education– Most boys Most boys elementary education elementary education
grammar, reading, poetry, music, and grammar, reading, poetry, music, and gymnasticsgymnastics
– Sound mind (reading, writing, music) and sound Sound mind (reading, writing, music) and sound body (gymnastics, boxing, discus)body (gymnastics, boxing, discus)
– SophistsSophists – men who taught older boys (higher – men who taught older boys (higher education)education) Study govt, math, ethics, and rhetoricStudy govt, math, ethics, and rhetoric Rhetoric – study of oratory, or public Rhetoric – study of oratory, or public
speaking and debatingspeaking and debating– Age 18 entered military for a yr Age 18 entered military for a yr
VII. Expansion of Greece VII. Expansion of Greece A. PERSIAN WARSA. PERSIAN WARS
– Persia and Greece clash over control of colonies in Persia and Greece clash over control of colonies in Asia MinorAsia Minor
– CyrusCyrus – conquer Greek city-states on shores of Asia – conquer Greek city-states on shores of Asia Minor (546 BC)Minor (546 BC) Greeks revolt against (499-479 BC)Greeks revolt against (499-479 BC)
– Conflicts called Conflicts called Persian WarsPersian Wars– Darius IDarius I – wants to capture Athens (to rub in) – wants to capture Athens (to rub in)
492 BC invasion fails due to inclement weather492 BC invasion fails due to inclement weather 490 BC lands 26 miles from Athens on coast490 BC lands 26 miles from Athens on coast
– Set up camp on plain of Marathon (Battle of Set up camp on plain of Marathon (Battle of Marathon)Marathon)
– Greeks outnumbered 10-1Greeks outnumbered 10-1– 6,400 Persians died6,400 Persians died– 192 Athenians192 Athenians
VII. The Expansion of VII. The Expansion of GreeceGreece
480 BC – Darius’s son – 480 BC – Darius’s son – XerxesXerxes (Zerk-zees) (Zerk-zees) swore to avenge fathers defeatswore to avenge fathers defeat– Led fleet to GreeceLed fleet to Greece– Spartan king Spartan king LeonidasLeonidas sent 300 men to sent 300 men to
meet the Persians at the mountain pass of meet the Persians at the mountain pass of ThermopylaeThermopylae
– Greeks held them for 3 daysGreeks held them for 3 days– Persians found way through mountains Persians found way through mountains
Battle of ThermopylaeBattle of Thermopylae– Spartans were all killed Spartans were all killed gave other city- gave other city-
states time to assemblestates time to assemble
VII. The Exapansion of VII. The Exapansion of GreeceGreece
2 other major battles2 other major battles– 1) Sea battle – 1) Sea battle – Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamis
700 to 300 ship Persian 700 to 300 ship Persian advantageadvantage
Greeks out maneuverGreeks out maneuver– 2) Land battle – 2) Land battle – Battle of PlataeaBattle of Plataea
Another Persian lossAnother Persian loss Xerxes withdrew from Greece Xerxes withdrew from Greece
VII. The Expansion of VII. The Expansion of GreeceGreece
B. Delian LeagueB. Delian League– After Persian Wars – Greeks realize they After Persian Wars – Greeks realize they
need to unifyneed to unify– Sparta wanted to be in chargeSparta wanted to be in charge– Athens established the defensive league Athens established the defensive league
called the called the Delian LeagueDelian League (an alliance (an alliance of city-states with Athens as the leader)of city-states with Athens as the leader) 140 city-states will join140 city-states will join All contributing money, ships and All contributing money, ships and
their alliancetheir alliance
VII. The Expansion of VII. The Expansion of GreeceGreece
The Age of Pericles – ruled from 461-429BCThe Age of Pericles – ruled from 461-429BC– Democracy grew and Greece flourishedDemocracy grew and Greece flourished– Rebuilt Acropolis at Athens after its Rebuilt Acropolis at Athens after its
destruction during the Persian warsdestruction during the Persian wars– Brought stability and prosperityBrought stability and prosperity– Navy to keep out Persians in the AegeanNavy to keep out Persians in the Aegean
Athens will make all decisionsAthens will make all decisionsin Delian Leaguein Delian League Pericles will use the moneyPericles will use the money
for the good of Athensfor the good of Athens
VII. The Expansion of VII. The Expansion of GreeceGreece
C. Peloponnesian WarC. Peloponnesian War– Many city-states will revolt against AthensMany city-states will revolt against Athens– Tensions between Sparta and Athens Tensions between Sparta and Athens
Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War– Spartans had stronger armySpartans had stronger army– Fighting started by invading Attic peninsulaFighting started by invading Attic peninsula– Athenians took refuge behind the city walls of Athenians took refuge behind the city walls of
AthensAthens Athens had better navy Athens had better navy siege went on for siege went on for
yrsyrs Plague will break out killing many Athenians Plague will break out killing many Athenians
including Periclesincluding Pericles War goes on for 27 yrsWar goes on for 27 yrs
VII. The Expansion of VII. The Expansion of GreeceGreece
Athenians will surrenderAthenians will surrender Spartan victory meant end to political Spartan victory meant end to political
power of Athenspower of Athens Greece was politically unstable after Greece was politically unstable after
warwar tyranny, to monarchy, to aristocracy to tyranny, to monarchy, to aristocracy to
democracy and back againdemocracy and back again Only a foreign power could unite Only a foreign power could unite
GreeceGreece
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