Chapter 6: Sub-Saharan Africa

Chapter 6:

Sub-Saharan Africa

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Learning ObjectivesOutline the factors that contribute to the region’s rich natural resources.

Describe the elements that create coherence in this culturally diverse region.

Understand the complex interactions between population, the natural environment and economic development for Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Key ConceptsGondwanalandDesertificationTranshumanceFamineBiofuelsDensity

Physiological and Agricultural

HIV/AIDSSwidden AgriculturePastoralism

Tsetse FliesApartheidBerlin ConferenceHomelandsTownshipsPan-African MovementAfrican UnionTribalismRefugees/Internally Displaced PersonsStructural Adjustment Programs

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Setting the BoundariesAfrica south of the Sahara Desert

Similar livelihood systemsShared colonial experience

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Sub-SaharanAfrica

Figure 6.1

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Figure 6.3

Environmental Issues - Overview

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The Sahel and DesertificationSahel

Transitional Zone

Prolonged Drought

Human ImpactsOvergrazingAgricultural Expansion

Famine

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

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DeforestationAggravates soil erosion, moisture loss and shortage of biofuels

Impact on wildlife habitat

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

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Wildlife ConservationWildlife Reserves

East AfricaSouthern Africa

CITESBan on Ivory TradeFigure 6.8

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Physical Setting

Figure 6.9

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Plateaus and Basins

“Plateau Continent”

Gradually uplifted with break-up of Gondwanaland

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.10

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Climate

Figure 6.13

Imagine you are traveling from the Equator to the Tropic of Capricorn. Describe the biomes you would travelthrough based on climatic information.

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African Biomes

Figure 6.12 – Tropical Forests

Figure 6.14 – Savannas

Figure 6.15 – Deserts

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Figure 6.18

Population and Settlement

Why would physiological or agricultural density tell us more about population pressure on land resources than population density alone?

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Demographic Indicators – FertilityWhy would family size differ from region to region? Figure 6.16

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Figure 6.17

HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan AfricaWhat are some

of the impacts of high HIV/AIDS infection ratesin southern Africa?

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Settlement Patterns - RuralSubsistence Agriculture

Swidden

Plantation Agriculture

PastoralismTsetse Flies Figure 6.20

Figure 6.19

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Urban Settlement – Where?Rapidly growing

Refer back to Fig. 1.27

Ancient Cities

Colonial Cities

Ethnic and Religious Influences

Trade NetworksFigure 6.21

Downtown Lagos, Nigeria

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Accra, Ghana—Then and NowFigure 6.4.1 Figure 6.4.2

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Urban Legacies of ApartheidFigure 6.22 – Racial Segregation in Cape Town

Figure 6.23 – Residential Integration in Cape Town

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Cultural Coherence and Diversity

Sub-Saharan African identitySlaveryColonialismStruggles for independence and development

Diverse religious and language systems

CommonHistory

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Linguistic DiversityFigure 6.24

Figure 6.26 – South African Road Sign

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Religious Diversity Figure 6.27

Figure 6.28

Figure 6.29

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Geopolitical Framework - African Kingdoms

Figure 6.33

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European Imprint Early European contact

Limited by endemic diseases

Berlin Conference (1884)

Pan-African MovementDecolonization and Independence

Figure 6.34

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Establishing South Africa

- Homelands- Townships

Apartheid

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Supranational Organizations

Figure 6.37

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Political ConflictLegacies of colonial boundaries

Tribalism vs. the State (Refer back to Fig. 1.41)

Ethnic Conflicts

Secessionist Movements

Figure 6.5.1

Darfur

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Conflict and Population Movements

Figure 5.28

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African PovertyFailed development policies

DebtStructural Adjustment Programs

Food Policies

Corruption Figure 6.42 – Uncompetitive Industry

Figure 6.41 –Lack of Infrastructure

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Sub-Saharan Africa and the Global Economy

Figure 6.44

-Aid vs. Investment

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Economic Differentiation

Figure 6.6.1 – Used Clothing Trade

Figure 6.46 – Internet Café in Abidjan, Ivory Coast

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Social Development