Chapter 8. Momentum. Momentum Momentum is a measure of how hard it is to stop or turn a moving...

Chapter 8. Momentum

Momentum

• Momentum is a measure of how hard it is to stop or turn a moving object.

• Momentum is related to both mass and velocity.

• Momentum is possessed by all moving objects.

Calculating Momentum• For one particle

p = mv• For a system of multiple particles

P = pi = mivi

• Momentum is a vector with the same direction as the velocity vector.

• The unit of momentum is…kg m/s or Ns

Which has the most momentum?

Sample Problem

• Calculate the momentum of a 65-kg sprinter running east at 10 m/s.

Sample Problem• Calculate the momentum of a system

composed of a 65-kg sprinter running east at 10 m/s and a 75-kg sprinter running north at 9.5 m/s.

Change in momentum

• Like any change, change in momentum is calculated by looking at final and initial momenta.

• p = pf – pi

– p: change in momentum

– pf: final momentum

– pi: initial momentum

• In which case is the change in momentum greatest?

Momentum change demonstration• Using only a meter stick, find the

momentum change of each ball when it strikes the desk from a height of exactly one meter.

• Which ball, Bouncy or Lazy, has the greatest change in momentum?

• Please document the activity in a lab report.

• (mass = 0.00915 kg; mass = 0.010 kg)

Impulse (J)

• Impulse (J) is the product of an external force and time, which results in a change in momentum of a particle or system.

• J = F t• J = P• Units: N s or kg m/s (same as

momentum)

Impulsive Forces• Usually high

magnitude, short duration.

• Suppose the ball hits the bat at 90 mph and leaves the bat at 90 mph, what is the momentum change?

• What is the impulse on the ball from the bat?

Impulse (J) on a graph

F(N)

t (ms)0 1 2 3 40

1000

2000

3000

area under curve

Sample Problem

• Suppose a 1.5-kg brick is dropped on a glass table top from a height of 20 cm.a) What is the magnitude and direction of the impulse necessary

to stop the brick?b) If the table top doesn’t shatter, and stops the brick in 0.01 s,

what is the average force it exerts on the brick?c) What is the average force that the brick exerts on the table

top during this period?

Solution a)Find the velocity of the brick when it strikes the

table using conservation of energy.mgh = ½ mv2

v = √(2gh) = √(2*9.8 m/s2*0.20 m) = 2.0 m/sCalculate the brick’s momentum when it strikes the

table.p = mv = (1.5 kg)(2.0 m/s) = 3.0 kg m/s (down)The impulse necessary to stop the brick is the

impulse necessary to change to momentum to zero.

J = p = pf – pi = 0 – 3.0 kg m/s = -3.0 kg m/s

or 3.0 kg m/s (up)

Solution b) and c)

b) Find the force using the other equation for impulse.

J = Ft3.0 N s = F (0.01 s)F = 300 N (upward in the same

direction as impulse)c) According the Newton’s 3rd law, the

brick exerts an average force of 300 N downward on the table.

Sample Problem

• This force acts on a 1.2 kg object moving at 120.0 m/s. The direction of the force is aligned with the velocity. What is the new velocity of the object?

0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 t(s)

F(N)

1,000

2,000

SolutionFind the impulse from the area under the curve.A = ½ base * height = ½ (.1 s)(2500 N) = 125 NsJ = 125 N sSince impulse is equal to change in momentum and it

is in the same direction as the existing momentum, the momentum increases by 125 kg m/s.

p = 125 kg m/s p = pf - pi = mvf - mvi

mvf = mvi + p

= (1.2 kg)(120 m/s) + 125 kg m/s = 269 kg m/s

vf = (269 kg m /s) / (1.2 kg) = 224 m/s

Law of Conservation of Momentum

Law of Conservation of Momentum

• If the resultant external force on a system is zero, then the vector sum of the momenta of the objects will remain constant.

• Pbefore = Pafter

Sample problem

• A 75-kg man sits in the back of a 120-kg canoe that is at rest in a still pond. If the man begins to move forward in the canoe at 0.50 m/s relative to the shore, what happens to the canoe?

Solution

The momentum before the man moves is equal to the momentum after the man moves.

pb = pa

0 = mmvm + mcvc

0 = (75 kg)(0.50 m/s) + (120 kg)vv = - (75 kg)(0.50 m/s)/(120 kg)v = -0.31 m/sThe canoe slips backward in the water at -

0.31 m/s

External versus internal forces

• External forces: forces coming from outside the system of particles whose momentum is being considered.– External forces change the momentum of

the system.

• Internal forces: forces arising from interaction of particles within a system.– Internal forces cannot change momentum of

the system.

An external force in golf• Consider the

collision between the club head and the golf ball in the sport of golf.

• The club head exerts an external impulsive force on the ball and changes its momentum. •The acceleration of the ball is

greater because its mass is smaller.

An internal force in pool• Consider the collision

between two balls in pool.

• The forces they exert on each other are internal and do not change the momentum of the system.

• Since the balls have equal masses, the magnitude of their acceleration is equal.

Explosions

• When an object separates suddenly, as in an explosion, all forces are internal.

• Momentum is therefore conserved in an explosion.

• There is also an increase in kinetic energy in an explosion. This comes from a potential energy decrease due to chemical combustion.

Recoil

• Guns and cannons “recoil” when fired.• This means the gun or cannon must move

backward as it propels the projectile forward.

• The recoil is the result of action-reaction force pairs, and is entirely due to internal forces.

• As the gases from the gunpowder explosion expand, they push the projectile forwards and the gun or cannon backwards.

Sample problem

• Suppose a 5.0-kg projectile launcher shoots a 209 gram projectile at 350 m/s. What is the recoil velocity of the projectile launcher?

Solution

Momentum conservation is used to calculate recoil speed.

pb = pa

0 = mpvp + mlvl

0 = (0.209 kg)(350 m/s) + (5.0 kg)vv = - (0.209 kg)(350 m/s)/(5.0 kg)v = - 14.6 m/s

Sample Problem• An exploding object breaks into three fragments. A 2.0 kg

fragment travels north at 200 m/s. A 4.0 kg fragment travels east at 100 m/s. The third fragment has mass 3.0 kg. What is the magnitude and direction of its velocity?

SolutionThe momentum before is zero, so the momentum after is

zero.This is a vector addition problem. Each fragment has a

momentum magnitude of 400 kg m/s according to the formula p = mv.

400 kg m/s

400 kg m/s

400 kg m/s

(4002 + 4002)1/2

566 kg m/sdue southwest

v = p/m = 566/3 = 189 m/s due SW

Sample problem• An exploding object breaks into three fragments.

A 2.0 kg fragment travels north at 200 m/s. A 4.0 kg fragment travels east at 100 m/s. The third fragment has mass 3.0 kg. What is the magnitude and direction of its velocity?

Collisions

Collisions• When two moving objects make contact

with each other, they undergo a collision.• Conservation of momentum is used to

analyze all collisions.• Newton’s Third Law is also useful. It tells

us that the force exerted by body A on body B in a collision is equal and opposite to the force exerted on body B by body A.

Collisions• During a collision,

external forces are ignored.

• The time frame of the collision is very short.

• The forces are impulsive forces (high force, short duration).

Collision Types• Elastic collisions

– “Elastic” means ‘returns to pre-collision state.’– No deformation occurs, no kinetic energy lost

• Inelastic collisions– Deformation occurs, kinetic energy is lost

• Perfectly Inelastic (stick together)– Objects stick together and become one object– kinetic energy is lost

Collisions

Elastic

Objects collide and move separately after the collision.

Energy is conserved.

Momentum is conserved.

Inelastic

The collision results in deformation of the objects.

Perfectly Inelastic

Two objects collide and stick together such that their final velocities are the same after the collision.

No deformation occurs.

Explosions

• Explosions are the reverse of perfectly inelastic collisions in which kinetic energy is gained!

Sample Problem• An 80-kg roller

skating grandma collides inelastically with a 40-kg kid. What is their velocity after the collision?

More on Collisions

Sample Problem • A train of mass 4m moving 5 km/hr couples with a flatcar of mass m at rest. What is the velocity of the cars after they couple?

Sample Problem • A fish moving at 2 m/s swallows a stationary fish which is 1/3 its mass. What is the velocity of the big fish after dinner?

Sample Problem• A 500-g cart on an air track strikes a 1,000-g cart at rest.

What are the resulting velocities of the two carts? (Assume the collision is elastic, and the first cart is moving at 2.0 m/s when the collision occurs.)

Solution

• before after • m1v1 = m1v1 + m2v2

• 1.0 = 0.50v1 + v2

• ½ m1 v12 = ½ m1v1

2 + ½ m2v22

• 2.0 = 0.50v12 + v2

2

• Solve simultaneously• v1 = -0.67 m/s• v2 = 1.33 m/s

Sample Problem

• Suppose three equally strong, equally massive astronauts decide to play a game as follows: The first astronaut throws the second astronaut towards the third astronaut and the game begins. Describe the motion of the astronauts as the game proceeds. Assume each toss results from the same-sized "push." How long will the game last?

2D Collisions

2D-Collisions• Momentum in the x-direction is

conserved.– Px (before) = Px (after)

• Momentum in the y-direction is conserved.– Py (before) = Py (after)

• Treat x and y coordinates independently.– Ignore x when calculating y– Ignore y when calculating x

Sample problem

• Calculate velocity of 8-kg ball after the collision.

3 m/s

2 kg 8 kg0 m/s

Before

2 m/s2 kg

8 kgv

After

50o

x

y

x

y