Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

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Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

Section 1: Cellular Growth

Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

9.1 Cellular Growth

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

Cellular Reproduction

As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.

The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.

Chapter 9

9.1 Cellular Growth

Transport of Substances

Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins.

Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient.

Cellular Reproduction

Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.

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9.1 Cellular Growth

Cellular Communications

The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.

Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

9.1 Cellular Growth

The Cell Cycle

Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.

It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.

Cellular Reproduction

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.

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9.1 Cellular Growth

Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates.

Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

9.1 Cellular Growth

Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

Cellular Reproduction

The Stages of Interphase

The first stage of interphase, G1

The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.

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9.1 Cellular Growth

Cellular Reproduction

The Second Stage of Interphase, S

The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

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9.1 Cellular Growth

Cellular Reproduction

The Third Stage of Interphase, G2

The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

Chapter 9

9.1 Cellular Growth

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction

The Stages of Mitosis

Prophase

The cell’s chromatin tightens.

Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.

Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.

Chapter 9

Cellular Reproduction

The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.

Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.

Chapter 9

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction

Metaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.

They line up in the middle of the cell.

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9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction

Anaphase

The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.

The sister chromatids separate.

The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

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9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction

Telophase

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.

Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.

The spindle apparatus disassembles.

Chapter 9

9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction

Cytokinesis

In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.

In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.

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9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction

Normal Cell Cycle

Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.

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Cellular Reproduction

Quality Control Checkpoints

The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.

Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.

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9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction

Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normalcells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.

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9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction

Causes of Cancer

The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.

Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.

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9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.

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9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction

Stem Cells

Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

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9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction

Embryonic Stem Cells

After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.

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9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction

Adult Stem Cells

Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue

Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor

Chapter 9

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction

Cellular Reproduction

Chapter Resource Menu

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Formative Test Questions

Chapter Assessment Questions

Standardized Test Practice

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Chapter 9

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CDQ 1

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A. interphase

B. prophase

C. metaphase

D. telophase

Which is the first phase of mitosis?

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Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Chapter 9

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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Cellular Reproduction

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Chapter 9

A. interphase

B. metaphase

C. anaphase

D. telophase

During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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Cellular Reproduction

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Chapter 9

A. cytokinesis

B. interphase

C. apoptosis

D. mitosis

Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products?

A. larger cells

B. smaller cells

C. cells with lower surface area to volume ratio

D. cells shaped like a cube

9.1 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 2

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

At what stage does a cell spend most of its life?

A. cytokinesis

B. interphase

C. mitosis

D. synthesis

9.1 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 3

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?

A. The cell grows and carries

out normal functions.

B. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes.

C. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.

D. The cell’s cytoplasm divides.

9.1 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate?

A. cytokinesis

B. interphase

C. mitosis

D. prophase

9.2 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 5

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Which diagram shows anaphase?

A. B.

C. D.

9.2 Formative Questions

1. A

2. B

FQ 6

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At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.

9.2 Formative Questions

A. true

B. false

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 7

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle?

A. chromatin and chromosomes

B. cyclin and CDKs

C. microtubules and spindle fibers

D. protein and ribosomes

9.3 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 8

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely?

A. chemicals such as asbestos

B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens

C. tobacco and second-hand smoke

D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun

9.3 Formative Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

FQ 9

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

9.3 Formative Questions

What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA?

A. apoptosis

B. carcinogens

C. cytokinesis

D. mitosis

1. A2. B3. C4. D

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

9.3 Formative Questions

Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues?

A. apoptotic cells

B. cancer cells

C. prokaryotic cells

D. stem cells

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 1

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

This cell has completed what stage of mitosis?

A. anaphase

B. interphase

C. metaphase

D. telophase

Chapter Assessment Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 2

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

What term is used to describe programmed cell death?

A. apoptosis

B. anaphase

C. necrosis

D. cyclins

Chapter Assessment Questions

1. A2. B3. C4. D

CAQ 3

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

What is the role of cyclins in a cell?

A. to control the movement of microtubules

B. to signal for the cell to divide

C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane

D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear

Chapter Assessment Questions

1. A

2. B

3. C

STP 1

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?

AB

C

Standardized Test Practice

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1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 2

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Standardized Test Practice

At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus?

A. G1

B. S

C. G2

D. M

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 3

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Standardized Test Practice

Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle?

A. formation of a cell plate

B. formation of microtubules

C. formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell

D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell

1. A

2. B

STP 4

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Standardized Test Practice

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Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.

A. true

B. false

1. A2. B3. C4. D

STP 5

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Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Standardized Test Practice

Which is not a condition that can result in cancer?A. a failure in the control

mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle

B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA

C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes

during mitosisD. mutations or changes in

segments of DNA that control protein production

Cellular Reproduction

Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 9

Cellular Reproduction

Image Bank

Chapter 9

cell cycle

interphase

mitosis

cytokinesis

chromosome

chromatin

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Vocabulary

Section 1

prophase

sister chromatid

centromere

spindle apparatus

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Vocabulary

Section 2

cyclin

cyclin-dependent kinase

cancer

carcinogen

apoptosis

stem cell

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Vocabulary

Section 3

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9

Visualizing the Cell Cycle

Animation

Cellular ReproductionChapter 9