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Chapter Three
Job-Order Costing
3-2
Types of Product Costing Systems
ProcessCosting
Job-orderCosting
A company produces many units of a single A company produces many units of a single product. product. One unit of product is indistinguishable from other One unit of product is indistinguishable from other
units of product.units of product. The identical nature of each unit of product The identical nature of each unit of product enables enables
assigning the same average cost per unit.assigning the same average cost per unit.
A company produces many units of a single A company produces many units of a single product. product. One unit of product is indistinguishable from other One unit of product is indistinguishable from other
units of product.units of product. The identical nature of each unit of product The identical nature of each unit of product enables enables
assigning the same average cost per unit.assigning the same average cost per unit.
3-3
Types of Product Costing Systems
ProcessCosting
Job-orderCosting
Many different products, each with individual and Many different products, each with individual and unique features, are produced each period. unique features, are produced each period. Products are manufactured to order.Products are manufactured to order. The unique nature of each order requires tracing or The unique nature of each order requires tracing or
allocating costs to each job, and maintaining cost allocating costs to each job, and maintaining cost records for each job.records for each job.
Many different products, each with individual and Many different products, each with individual and unique features, are produced each period. unique features, are produced each period. Products are manufactured to order.Products are manufactured to order. The unique nature of each order requires tracing or The unique nature of each order requires tracing or
allocating costs to each job, and maintaining cost allocating costs to each job, and maintaining cost records for each job.records for each job.
3-4
Comparing Process and Job-Order Costing
Job-Order Process
Number of jobs worked Many Single Product
Cost accumulated byIndividual
Job Department
Average cost computed by Job Department
3-5
Manufacturing Overhead
Manufacturing Overhead
Job No. 1Job No. 1
Job No. 2Job No. 2
Job No. 3Job No. 3
Charge Charge direct direct
material material and direct and direct
labor costs labor costs to each job to each job as work is as work is performed.performed.
Charge Charge direct direct
material material and direct and direct
labor costs labor costs to each job to each job as work is as work is performed.performed.
Job-Order Costing – An Overview
Direct MaterialsDirect Materials
Direct LaborDirect Labor
3-6
Manufacturing Manufacturing Overhead, Overhead, including including indirect indirect
materialsmaterials and and indirect laborindirect labor, , are allocated are allocated
to all jobs to all jobs rather than rather than
directly traced directly traced to each job.to each job.
Manufacturing Manufacturing Overhead, Overhead, including including indirect indirect
materialsmaterials and and indirect laborindirect labor, , are allocated are allocated
to all jobs to all jobs rather than rather than
directly traced directly traced to each job.to each job.
Direct Manufacturing Costs
Direct MaterialsDirect Materials
Direct LaborDirect Labor
Job No. 1Job No. 1
Job No. 2Job No. 2
Job No. 3Job No. 3Manufacturing Overhead
Manufacturing Overhead
3-7
PearCo Job Cost Sheet
Job Number A - 143 Date Initiated 3-4-05Date Completed
Department B3 Units CompletedItem Wooden cargo crate
Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing OverheadReq. No. Amount Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate Amount
Cost Summary Units ShippedDirect Materials Date Number BalanceDirect LaborManufacturing OverheadTotal CostUnit Product Cost
The Job Cost Sheet
3-8
Measuring Direct Materials Cost
Will E. Delite
3-9
Measuring Direct Materials Cost
3-10
Measuring Direct Labor Costs
3-11
Job-Order Cost Accounting
3-12
Why Use an Allocation Base?
Manufacturing overhead is applied to jobs that Manufacturing overhead is applied to jobs that are in process. An allocation base is a measure, are in process. An allocation base is a measure,
such as direct labor hours, direct labor dollars, or such as direct labor hours, direct labor dollars, or machine hours, is used to assign manufacturing machine hours, is used to assign manufacturing
overhead to individual jobs.overhead to individual jobs.
Manufacturing overhead is applied to jobs that Manufacturing overhead is applied to jobs that are in process. An allocation base is a measure, are in process. An allocation base is a measure,
such as direct labor hours, direct labor dollars, or such as direct labor hours, direct labor dollars, or machine hours, is used to assign manufacturing machine hours, is used to assign manufacturing
overhead to individual jobs.overhead to individual jobs.
We use an allocation base because:
1. MOH is an indirect cost. It is impossible or difficult to trace overhead costs to particular jobs.
2. Manufacturing overhead consists of many different items ranging from the grease used in machines to production manager’s salary. Some of them are variable Overhead costs and some are fixed overhead costs.
3. Many types of manufacturing overhead costs are fixed even though output fluctuates during the period.
3-13
The predetermined overhead rate (POHR) used to apply overhead to jobs is determined before the
period begins.
Manufacturing Overhead Application
Estimated total manufacturingoverhead cost for the coming period
Estimated total units in theallocation base for the coming period
POHR =
Ideally, the allocation base is a cost driver that causes
overhead.
Ideally, the allocation base is a cost driver that causes
overhead.
3-14
Actual amount of the allocation based upon the actual level of
activity.
Actual amount of the allocation based upon the actual level of
activity.
Based on estimates, and determined before
the period begins.
Based on estimates, and determined before
the period begins.
Application of Manufacturing Overhead
Overhead applied = POHR × Actual activity
3-15
For each direct labor hour worked on a particular job, $4.00 of factory overhead
will be applied to that job.
For each direct labor hour worked on a particular job, $4.00 of factory overhead
will be applied to that job.
Overhead Application Rate
POHR = $4.00 per DLH
$640,000
160,000 direct labor hours (DLH)POHR =
Estimated total manufacturingoverhead cost for the coming period
Estimated total units in theallocation base for the coming period
POHR =
3-16
Job-Order Cost Accounting
3-17
Job-Order Cost Accounting
3-18
Interpreting the Average Unit Cost
The average unit cost should not be interpretedas the costs that would actually be incurred if an
additional unit were produced.
Fixed overhead would not change if another unitwere produced, so the incremental cost of
another unit may be somewhat less than $118.
The average unit cost should not be interpretedas the costs that would actually be incurred if an
additional unit were produced.
Fixed overhead would not change if another unitwere produced, so the incremental cost of
another unit may be somewhat less than $118.
3-19
Using a predetermined rate makes itpossible to estimate total job costs sooner.
Actual overhead for the period is notknown until the end of the period.
The Need for a POHR
$
3-20
Quick Check
Job WR53 at NW Fab, Inc. required $200 of direct materials and 10 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. Estimated total overhead for the year was $760,000 and estimated direct labor hours were 20,000. What would be recorded as the cost of job WR53?
a. $200.b. $350.c. $380.d. $730.
Job WR53 at NW Fab, Inc. required $200 of direct materials and 10 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. Estimated total overhead for the year was $760,000 and estimated direct labor hours were 20,000. What would be recorded as the cost of job WR53?
a. $200.b. $350.c. $380.d. $730.
3-21
Quick Check
Job WR53 at NW Fab, Inc. required $200 of direct materials and 10 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. Estimated total overhead for the year was $760,000 and estimated direct labor hours were 20,000. What would be recorded as the cost of job WR53?
a. $200.b. $350.c. $380.d. $730.
Job WR53 at NW Fab, Inc. required $200 of direct materials and 10 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. Estimated total overhead for the year was $760,000 and estimated direct labor hours were 20,000. What would be recorded as the cost of job WR53?
a. $200.b. $350.c. $380.d. $730.
3-22Job-Order Costing
Document Flow Summary
A sales order is the A sales order is the basis of issuing a basis of issuing a production order. production order.
A sales order is the A sales order is the basis of issuing a basis of issuing a production order. production order.
A production A production order initiates order initiates work on a job.work on a job.
A production A production order initiates order initiates work on a job.work on a job.
3-23Job-Order Costing
Document Flow Summary
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
MaterialsRequisition
MaterialsRequisition
Manufacturing Overhead Account
Manufacturing Overhead Account
Direct materials
Indirect materials
Materials usedMaterials usedmay be eithermay be either
direct ordirect orindirect.indirect.
Materials usedMaterials usedmay be eithermay be either
direct ordirect orindirect.indirect.
3-24Job-Order Costing
Document Flow Summary
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
Employee Time Ticket
Employee Time Ticket
Manufacturing Overhead Account
Manufacturing Overhead Account
An employee’stime may be eitherdirect or indirect.
An employee’stime may be eitherdirect or indirect.
Direct Labor
Indirect Labor
3-25Job-Order Costing
Document Flow Summary
Manufacturing Overhead Account
Manufacturing Overhead Account
OtherActual OHCharges
OtherActual OHCharges
Job Cost Sheets
Job Cost Sheets
AppliedOverhead
MaterialsRequisition
MaterialsRequisition
EmployeeTime Ticket
EmployeeTime Ticket
IndirectMaterial
IndirectLabor
3-26
Job-Order Costing: The Flow of Costs
The transactions (in T-account and journal
entry form) that capture the flow of costs in a
job-order costing system are illustrated
on the following slides.
3-27
Raw MaterialsMaterial
Purchases
Mfg. Overhead
Work in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Actual Applied
Direct Materials Direct
Materials
Indirect Materials
Indirect Materials
The Purchase and Issue of Raw Materials
3-28
Cost Flows – Material Purchases
Raw material purchases are recorded in aninventory account.
3-29
Cost Flows – Material Usage
Direct materials issued to a job increase Work in Process and decrease Raw Materials. Indirect materials used are charged to
Manufacturing Overhead and also decrease Raw Materials.
3-30
Mfg. Overhead
Salaries and Wages Payable
Work in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Direct
MaterialsDirect Labor
Direct Labor
Indirect Materials
Actual Applied
IndirectLabor
IndirectLabor
The Recording of Labor Costs
3-31
The Recording of Labor Costs
The cost of direct labor incurred increases Work in Process and the cost of indirect labor increases Manufacturing Overhead.
3-32
Mfg. Overhead
Salaries and Wages Payable
Work in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Direct
MaterialsDirect Labor
Direct Labor
Indirect Materials
Actual Applied
IndirectLabor
IndirectLabor
Recording Actual Manufacturing Overhead
OtherOverhead
3-33
Recording Actual Manufacturing Overhead
In addition to indirect materials and indirect labor, other manufacturing overhead costs are charged to the
Manufacturing Overhead account as they are incurred.
3-34
Mfg. Overhead
Salaries and Wages Payable
Work in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Direct
MaterialsDirect Labor
Direct Labor
Indirect Materials
Actual Applied
IndirectLabor
IndirectLabor
Applying Manufacturing Overhead
OtherOverhead
Overhead Applied
OverheadApplied to
Work inProcess
If actual and applied manufacturing overheadare not equal, a year-end adjustment is required.
If actual and applied manufacturing overheadare not equal, a year-end adjustment is required.
3-35
Applying Manufacturing Overhead
Work in Process is increased when Manufacturing Overhead is applied to jobs.
3-36
Accounting for Nonmanufacturing Cost
Nonmanufacturing costs are not assigned to individual jobs; rather they are expensed in the period incurred.
Examples:Examples:
1. 1. Salary expense of employeesSalary expense of employeeswho work in a marketing, selling,who work in a marketing, selling,or administrative capacity.or administrative capacity.
2. 2. Advertising expenses are expensedAdvertising expenses are expensedin the period incurred.in the period incurred.
Examples:Examples:
1. 1. Salary expense of employeesSalary expense of employeeswho work in a marketing, selling,who work in a marketing, selling,or administrative capacity.or administrative capacity.
2. 2. Advertising expenses are expensedAdvertising expenses are expensedin the period incurred.in the period incurred.
3-37
Accounting for Nonmanufacturing Cost
Nonmanufacturing costs (period expenses) are charged to expense as they are incurred.
3-38
Finished GoodsWork in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Direct
MaterialsDirect Labor
Overhead Applied
Cost ofGoodsMfd.
Cost ofGoodsMfd.
Transferring Completed Units
3-39
Transferring Completed Units
As jobs are completed, the Cost of Goods Manufactured is transferred to Finished Goods from Work in Process.
3-40
Finished Goods
Cost of Goods Sold
Work in Process(Job Cost Sheet)
Direct
MaterialsDirect Labor
Overhead Applied
Cost ofGoodsMfd.
Cost ofGoodsMfd.
Cost ofGoodsSold
Cost ofGoodsSold
Transferring Units Sold
3-41
Transferring Units Sold
When finished goods are sold, two entries are required: (1) to record the sale, and (2) to record COGS and reduce
Finished Goods.
3-42
Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured
Calculates the cost of raw material, direct labor and
manufacturing overhead used in production.
Calculates the manufacturing costs associated with goods that were finished during the period.
3-43
Manufacturing WorkRaw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials materials inventory
+ Raw materials purchased
= Raw materials
available for use in production
– Ending raw materials inventory
= Raw materials used
in production
- Indirect Materials includedin Manufacturing Overhead
= Direct Materials
As items are removed from raw materials inventory and placed into
the production process, they arecalled direct materials.
As items are removed from raw materials inventory and placed into
the production process, they arecalled direct materials.
Product Cost Flows
3-44
Manufacturing WorkRaw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials materials inventory + Direct labor
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead purchased = Total manufacturing
= Raw materials costs
available for use in production
– Ending raw materials inventory
= Raw materials used
in production
Conversion costs are costs
incurred to convert the
direct material into a finished
product.
Conversion costs are costs
incurred to convert the
direct material into a finished
product.
Product Cost Flows
3-45
Manufacturing WorkRaw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in materials inventory + Direct labor process inventory
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead + Total manufacturing purchased = Total manufacturing costs
= Raw materials costs = Total work in
available for use process for the in production period
– Ending raw materials inventory
= Raw materials used
in production
Product Cost Flows
All manufacturing costs incurred during the period are added to the
beginning balance of work in process.
All manufacturing costs incurred during the period are added to the
beginning balance of work in process.
3-46
Manufacturing WorkRaw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in materials inventory + Direct labor process inventory
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead + Total manufacturing purchased = Total manufacturing costs
= Raw materials costs = Total work in
available for use process for the in production period
– Ending raw materials – Ending work in inventory process inventory
= Raw materials used = Cost of goods
in production manufactured
Product Cost Flows
Costs associated with the goods that are completed during the period are
transferred to finished goods inventory.
Costs associated with the goods that are completed during the period are
transferred to finished goods inventory.
3-47
Product Cost Flows
3-48
Manufacturing Cost Flows
FinishedGoods
Cost of GoodsSold
Selling andAdministrative
Period CostsSelling andAdministrative
ManufacturingOverhead
Work in Process
Direct Labor
Balance Sheet Costs Inventories
Income StatementExpenses
Material Purchases
Raw Materials
3-49
Quick Check
Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000 of raw material was purchased. A count at the end of the month revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material used?
A. $276,000B. $272,000C. $280,000D. $ 2,000
3-50
Quick Check
Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000 of raw material was purchased. A count at the end of the month revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material used?
A. $276,000
B. $272,000
C. $280,000
D. $ 2,000
3-51
Quick Check
Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct labor was $375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing costs incurred for the month?
A. $555,000B. $835,000C. $655,000D. Cannot be determined.
3-52
Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct labor was $375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing costs incurred for the month?
A. $555,000B. $835,000C. $655,000D. Cannot be determined.
Quick Check
3-53
Quick Check
Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the month were $835,000. There were $200,000 of partially finished goods remaining in work in process inventory at the end of the month. What was the cost of goods manufactured during the month?
A. $1,160,000B. $ 910,000C. $ 760,000D. Cannot be determined.
3-54
Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the month were $835,000. There were $200,000 of partially finished goods remaining in work in process inventory at the end of the month. What was the cost of goods manufactured during the month?
A. $1,160,000B. $ 910,000C. $ 760,000D. Cannot be determined.
Quick Check
3-55
Quick Check
Beginning finished goods inventory was $130,000. The cost of goods manufactured for the month was $760,000. And the ending finished goods inventory was $150,000. What was the cost of goods sold for the month?
A. $ 20,000.B. $740,000.C. $780,000.D. $760,000.
3-56
Quick Check
Beginning finished goods inventory was $130,000. The cost of goods manufactured for the month was $760,000. And the ending finished goods inventory was $150,000. What was the cost of goods sold for the month?
A. $ 20,000.B. $740,000.C. $780,000.D. $760,000. $130,000 + $760,000 = $890,000
$890,000 - $150,000 = $740,000
3-57
Problems of Overhead Application
The difference between the overhead cost applied to Work in Process and the actual overhead costs of a
period is referred to as either underapplied or overapplied overhead.
Underapplied overhead exists when the amount of overhead applied to jobs
during the period using the predetermined overhead rate is less than the total
amount of overhead actually incurred during
the period.
Underapplied overhead exists when the amount of overhead applied to jobs
during the period using the predetermined overhead rate is less than the total
amount of overhead actually incurred during
the period.
Overapplied overheadOverapplied overhead exists when the amount of exists when the amount of overhead applied to jobs overhead applied to jobs
during the period using the during the period using the predetermined overhead predetermined overhead rate is rate is greater thangreater than the the
total amount of overhead total amount of overhead actually incurred during actually incurred during
the period.the period.
Overapplied overheadOverapplied overhead exists when the amount of exists when the amount of overhead applied to jobs overhead applied to jobs
during the period using the during the period using the predetermined overhead predetermined overhead rate is rate is greater thangreater than the the
total amount of overhead total amount of overhead actually incurred during actually incurred during
the period.the period.
3-58
PearCo’sPearCo’s actual overheadactual overhead for the year wasfor the year was $650,000$650,000 with a total ofwith a total of 170,000170,000 direct labor hours worked on direct labor hours worked on
jobs.jobs.
How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour.overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour.
PearCo’sPearCo’s actual overheadactual overhead for the year wasfor the year was $650,000$650,000 with a total ofwith a total of 170,000170,000 direct labor hours worked on direct labor hours worked on
jobs.jobs.
How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour.overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour.
Overhead Application Example
Overhead Applied During the Period
Applied Overhead = POHR × Actual Direct Labor Hours
Applied Overhead = $4.00 per DLH × 170,000 DLH = $680,000
3-59
PearCo’s PearCo’s actual overheadactual overhead for the year wasfor the year was $650,000$650,000 with a total ofwith a total of 170,000170,000 direct labor hours worked on direct labor hours worked on
jobs.jobs.
How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour.overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour.
PearCo’s PearCo’s actual overheadactual overhead for the year wasfor the year was $650,000$650,000 with a total ofwith a total of 170,000170,000 direct labor hours worked on direct labor hours worked on
jobs.jobs.
How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs How much total overhead was applied to PearCo’s jobs during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined during the year? Use PearCo’s predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour.overhead rate of $4.00 per direct labor hour.
Overhead Application Example
Overhead Applied During the Period
Applied Overhead = POHR × Actual Direct Labor Hours
Applied Overhead = $4.00 per DLH × 170,000 DLH = $680,000
PearCo has overappliedoverhead for the yearby $30,000. What will
PearCo do?
PearCo has overappliedoverhead for the yearby $30,000. What will
PearCo do?
3-60
Disposition of Under- or Overapplied Overhead
$30,000 may be$30,000 may beclosed directly toclosed directly to
cost of goods sold. cost of goods sold.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Goods Sold
PearCo’s Method
PearCo’s Method
Work inProcessWork inProcess
FinishedGoods
FinishedGoods
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Goods Sold
$30,000$30,000may be allocatedmay be allocatedto these accounts.to these accounts.
OROROROR
3-61
Tiger, Inc. had actual manufacturing overhead costs of $1,210,000 and a predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per machine hour. Tiger, Inc. worked 290,000 machine hours during the period. Tiger’s manufacturing overhead is
a. $50,000 overapplied.
b. $50,000 underapplied.
c. $60,000 overapplied.
d. $60,000 underapplied.
Tiger, Inc. had actual manufacturing overhead costs of $1,210,000 and a predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per machine hour. Tiger, Inc. worked 290,000 machine hours during the period. Tiger’s manufacturing overhead is
a. $50,000 overapplied.
b. $50,000 underapplied.
c. $60,000 overapplied.
d. $60,000 underapplied.
Quick Check
Overhead Applied $4.00 per hour × 290,000 hours = $1,160,000
Underapplied Overhead $1,210,000 - $1,160,000 = $50,000
Overhead Applied $4.00 per hour × 290,000 hours = $1,160,000
Underapplied Overhead $1,210,000 - $1,160,000 = $50,000
3-62Allocating Under- or Overapplied Overhead Between
Accounts
Assume the overhead applied in ending Work in Process Inventory, ending Finished Goods
Inventory, and Cost of Goods Sold is shown below:
3-63Allocating Under- or Overapplied Overhead Between
Accounts
Amount Percent of
Total Allocation of
$30,000 Work in process 68,000$ 10% 3,000$ Finished Goods 204,000 30% 9,000 Cost of Goods Sold 408,000 60% 18,000 Total 680,000$ 100% 30,000$
We would complete the following allocation of $30,000 overapplied overhead:
3-64Allocating Under- or Overapplied Overhead Between
Accounts
Amount Percent of
Total Allocation of
$30,000 Work in process 68,000$ 10% 3,000$ Finished Goods 204,000 30% 9,000 Cost of Goods Sold 408,000 60% 18,000 Total 680,000$ 100% 30,000$
3-65Overapplied and Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead -
Summary
Alternative 1 Alternative 2If Manufacturing Close to Cost Overhead is . . . of Goods Sold Allocation
UNDERAPPLIED INCREASE INCREASECost of Goods Sold Work in Process
(Applied OH is less Finished Goodsthan actual OH) Cost of Goods Sold
OVERAPPLIED DECREASE DECREASECost of Goods Sold Work in Process
(Applied OH is greater Finished Goodsthan actual OH) Cost of Goods Sold
PearCo’s Method
3-66
Multiple Predetermined Overhead Rates
To this point, we have assumed that there is a single To this point, we have assumed that there is a single predetermined overhead rate called a plantwide overhead predetermined overhead rate called a plantwide overhead
rate.rate.
To this point, we have assumed that there is a single To this point, we have assumed that there is a single predetermined overhead rate called a plantwide overhead predetermined overhead rate called a plantwide overhead
rate.rate.
Large companies Large companies often use multiple often use multiple predetermined predetermined overhead rates.overhead rates.
Large companies Large companies often use multiple often use multiple predetermined predetermined overhead rates.overhead rates.
May be more complex May be more complex but . . .but . . .May be more complex May be more complex but . . .but . . .
May be more accurate May be more accurate because it reflects differences because it reflects differences
across departments.across departments.
May be more accurate May be more accurate because it reflects differences because it reflects differences
across departments.across departments.
3-67
Job-Order Costing in Service Companies
Job-order costing is used in many different types Job-order costing is used in many different types of service companies.of service companies.
Job-order costing is used in many different types Job-order costing is used in many different types of service companies.of service companies.
3-68
End of Chapter 3
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