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China under Mao Zedong1949 - 1976
Outline
• GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
• Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)
• Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957)
• Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
• Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)
• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Mao Zedong
• A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”– imperialism– feudalism– bureaucrat-capitalism
• A “United Front” of …– workers– peasants– petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie
People’s Republic of China
• 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing
• Chairman: Mao Zedong
• 5-Star Red Flag
• Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan
Economic Reconstruction 1950s
• Soviet Union model and assistance
• land reform (eliminate landlord class)
• heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
• First National People’s Congress (1954)– PRC Constitution
• Zhou Enlai– Premier– Foreign Minister
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
• abandon the Soviet model of economic development– Soviet “scientific planning”
• mass mobilization
• people’s communes
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
• unrealistic output targets– industry– agricultural and human disaster
Growing Division (1962-1965)
• Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
• charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution– commitment to revolution and “class struggle”– power struggle to succeed Mao
• Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards”
• Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao
• Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
• Purge of party cadres– Liu Shaoqi and Deng
Xiaoping
• Purge of intellectuals
Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)
• the putative successor to Mao Zedong– the cult of personality around Mao
• In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed– to assassinate Mao– to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”)
• “9.13” eroded the credibility– of the entire leadership– of the Cultural Revolution
Phase III: the “Gang of Four”
• 1972 – 1976
• power struggle between– the radical “Gang of Four”,
led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife
– the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai
• the fate of Deng Xiaoping
Diplomatic Breakthrough
• 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)
Diplomatic Breakthrough
• 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing
Mao and Zhou Died in 1976
• Turning point in China’s postwar era
• “Gang of Four” were arrested
• End of the Cultural Revolution
Mao’s legacies
Reforms and Opening up
• The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978– Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy– economic modernization became focus
• US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979
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