Class 9 Dependent Variables, Instructions/Literature Review Class 9 Dependent Variables,...

Class 9Dependent Variables, Instructions/Literature Review

Chapters 13, 22 Corkin, & P&B 7 – SP 13

Dependent Variables: ContinuousPsychometric Properties

◦ Validity

◦ Reliability

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Validity

Convergent and Discriminate Validity◦Correlation

Predictive Validity◦Correlation- Differences across groups◦Longitudinal

Construct Validity◦ Factor structure-latent constructs

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ReliabilityThe extent to which scores show true variance in attributes across participants as opposed to error variance ◦ Assumption: Error variance is random,

therefore it does not correlate with anything

◦ More items of good quality = higher reliability

◦ One item scales have very low reliability; around r =.25

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Types of Measures

Observational Measures

Self-Report Paper-and-Pencil Measures◦Content tests- right/wrong answers

◦Likert-scales

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Sources of Measurement Error Specific error

◦ something unique about the instrument/observational task that differs from what the researcher intended (e.g. social desirability; reading level; idioms)

Transient error◦ some temporary factor that affects

the measurement (e.g. order of instruments; historical events; noise while observations occur; tiredness)

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Sources of Measurement Error

Scoring/Recording error◦ Tend to be random (self-report/raters)

Inter-rater disagreement/observer drift ◦ in observation studies, what initially

may appear as antisocial behavior may later be judged more normative

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Types of Reliability Inter-Scorer Test / Re-test

Alternate Forms

Internal Consistency◦how items correlate with each other

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Internal Consistency ReliabilitySplit-Half

Kuder-Richardson◦Dichotomous items- right /wrong

Chronbach Alpha ◦Average correlation of all possible

split-half reliabilities

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Parenting Skills Measure: Q 2a-c

a. 12-item measure rx= .70 to rx= .95 among White samples

b. Expected reliability estimates among the Latina sample

c. Three-item measure: rx=.40 to rx=.45

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Parenting Skills Measure: Q 2a

a. 12-item measure: internal consistency reliability coefficients rx= .70 to rx= .95 among White participants

70% to 95% of variability in respondents’ scores is due to

and the rest is due to .

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Reliability Estimates: Q 2aExtent to which variability is

due to true variation versus error ◦ Cronbach alpha =. 70;

70% of variation in scores is due to true differences in parenting skills & 30% is due to error

◦ Cronbach alpha =. 95; 95% of variation in scores is due to true

differences in parenting skills & 5% is due to error

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Parenting Skills Measure: Q 2b

a. 12-item measure rx= .70 to rx= .95 among White samples

b.Expected reliability estimates among the Latina sample

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Parenting Skills Measure: Q 2b

a. 12-item measure rx= .70 to rx= .95 among White samples

b. Expected reliability coefficient among Latina sample =>.70

Yes/No ?

Reliability refers to scores with specific and

. It’s a property of not of instruments.

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Parenting Skills Measure: Q 2b

a. 12-item measure rx= .70 to rx= .95 among White samples

b.Expected reliability coefficient among Latina sample =>.70

No. Reliability refers to scores with specific respondents and conditions

It’s a property of scores, not of instruments 15

Parenting Skills Measure: Q 2c

a. 12-item measure rx= .70 to rx= .95 among White samples

b. Reliability estimates among the Latina sample

c. Three-item measure: rx=.40 to rx=.45. How to improve the scale scores’ reliability.

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Parenting Skills Measure: Q 2c

c. Three-item measure: rx=.40 to rx=.45 –

New items increase reliability only if they are of good quality: validity and reliability

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Reliability and Correlation: Q 5In correlational research, how does the reliability of two scores affect the probability that the observed correlation coefficient between the two scores approximates the “true” correlation coefficient of the constructs?

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Internal Reliability and Correlation

Parenting Skills 1 PSM1 rx = .45

Parenting Skills 2 PSM2 rx = .90

Self-Esteem SE rx = .85

PSM1 (rx = .45) correl. Self Esteem PSM2 (rx = .90) correl. Self Esteem

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Reliability vs. ValidityObserved correlation coefficient

will be smaller and less accurate with the less reliable measure

Correlations between constructs are attenuated by the reliability of the measures

The reliability of a measure puts a ceiling on its validity

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Instruments

1. Description of Measure

2. Validity Estimates

a. Instrument name a. Convergent/Discriminate Validity

b. Acronym b. Validation Sample(s)

c. Authors

d. Key References 3. Reliability Estimatese. Brief description of

construct(s)a. Chronbach’s alpha

coefficient f. Type of measure (e.g self-

report) Previous and Current studies

g. Number of items b. Test/Re-Test

h. Example of items

i. Items response options

j. Factors or subscales

k. Scoring options and direction

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