Classical and modern methods in biological dosimetry

CENTRAL LABORATORY FOR

RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION

IAEA PROJECT RER/9/117 Regional Workshop on Regulatory Control of Radioactive Discharges to the Environment

17-21 June 2013, Warsaw, Poland

DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR SAFETY AND RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION METHODS FOR THE NUCLEAR POWER ENGINEERING’S CURRENT AND FUTURE NEEDS

Polish National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR)

Classical and modern methods in biological dosimetry

Kamil BrzóskaInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology,

Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland

What is biological dosimetry?Biological dosimetry is the quantification of exposure to ionising radiation by means of the measurable biological changes that take place in the system (biological indicators). Based on such indicators an individual’s exposure to ionising radiation can be detected and possible consequences of the exposure can be predicted. It enables suitable medical treatment to be planned when information from physical dosimetry is not available.

When can biological dosimetry be used?• When physical dosimetry information is not available as in the case of many accidents;• When the dosimetric information derived from physical dose meter is unreliable (e.g., non-uniform exposures);• Independently assess the damage as and when required for implementation of radiation protection standards;• To confirm suspected cases of overexposure;• Assessment of response in radiotherapy patients;• To check the compliance of dose limits for occupational exposures.

Characteristics of the ideal biological dosimeter• Should be sensitive in a wide dose range (20 mGy to several Gy);• Should show a reproducible dose response;• Should be a radiation specific;• Changes must occur early but remain stable for long time;• Should respond to all types of radiation (Low/high LET);• Partial body irradiations must be detectable and should enable the part exposed to be identified;• The technique should be as low invasive as possible;• It should be rapid and simple;• The technique should be amenable to automation.

Biological dosimetry assays• Blood cells counts;• Dicentric chromosomal aberration analysis; • Micronucleus assay;• Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC);• Assay of stable aberrations using Fluorescent in Situ

Hybridization (FISH); • Histone γ-H2AX foci formation assay;• Gene expression analysis;• Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) of dental enamel;• skin speckle assay based on radiation-induced optical

changes of skin;

Most biological dosimetry methods use peripheral blood lymphocytes

• Blood sampling is a low-invasive procedure;

• Lymphocytes circulate through the body and therefore even when only a part of the body was irradiated the dosimetry is possible;

• They are synchronized and easy to culture. Peripheral human

lymphocytes

Dicentric assay is a „gold standard” for biological dosimetry

• Signal is detectable in lymphocytes, hence suitable even for partial body exposure;

• Dicentrics are specific for radiation, their spontaneous frequency is very low in the healthy general population (about one dicentric per 1000 cells);

• The frequency of dicentrics slowly decreases with time;• Realistic minimal detection level is about 0.2 Gy of whole

body irradiation;• Maximum detection level is 5-8 Gy;• The method is reliable and most frequently used.

Mechanism of dicentric formation

centromere

acentricfragment

chromosomal breaks translocation

dicentric

Dicentric assay

centromers

Dicentircs dose-response curve for gamma Co60 radiation

krzywa dawka efekt dla promieniowania gamma (Co 60);

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

dawka Gy

tość

Dose (Gy)

itotic

Disadvantages of the dicentric assay

• Dicentric assay is time consuming and laborious, therefore not suitable for mass casualties scenarios;

• The level of dicentrics in lymphocytes decreases with time, thus the retrospective dosimetry is unreliable;

• To reveal dicentrics, lymphocytes must be induced to cell division using mitogen (e.g., phytohaemagglutinin) and cultured for 48 h before scoring can begin.

Objective 2: Development of biological dosimetry methods

Phase 10: Evaluation of the relevance of combined PCC and FISH methods for biological dosimetry

Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC) Assay• To visualize the alterations in DNA, chromosomes are artificially

condensed using phosphatases inhibitors calyculin A or okadeic acid;

• The method works only in the cycling cells, therefore lymphocytes have to be stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA);

• Morphological changes such as: additional PCC fragments, PCC rings, dicentrics, translocations and unusually long chromosomes can be seen in G2/M cells (after 48h);

• PCC method is usually used after very high doses of radiation, when the dicentric assay fails, because of cells stopped in cell cycle checkpoint G2/M;

Chemically induced PCC after high doses of radiation

PCC rings Unusually long chromosomes

RICA - The Rapid Interphase Chromosome Assay

RICA combines two methods

Chemically induced PCC in human lymphocytes in G0 phase of cell cycle

Okadeic acid or calyculin A + ATP and CDK1

+Chromosome territories painting by FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation)

without PCC

with PCC

non-irradiated

irradiated

Prasanna et al. Mutation Research 466 (2000) 131-141

The advantages of RICA technique

• It can be performed in unstimulated lymphocytes and therefore is faster than classical PCC, or dicentric assay;

• High number of available cells;

• It can be automated.

Results:• Two phosphatases inhibitors have already been tested:

okadaic acid and calyculin A. Better results were obtain with okadeic acid, but still the number of condensed cells are to low to make any reasonable analysis;

• In parallel to RICA we are validating classical chemically (calyculin A) induced PCC in G2/M lymphocytes;

• Work in progress: creating the calibration curves in classical PCC for: PCC additional fragments, PCC rings and PCC unusually long chromosomes.

Objective 2: Development of biological dosimetry methods

Phase 9: Evaluation of the relevance of gene expression analysis in blood cells for biological dosimetry

Gene expression in blood cells as a potential biological dosimeter

irradiationDamage to

macromolecules (DNA, proteins)

Modification of activity of the cellular signaling pathways

Changes in gene expression

Schematic representation of the experiment

Examples of the analyzed genes

• Related to the DNA damage response: GADD45A,

MDM2, DDB2;

• Cell cycle control: CDKN1A, PLK3;

• Programmed cell death (apoptosis): BAX, BCL2, BBC3;

• Cellular response to stress: ATF3, SESN2, GDF15, FDXR;

• Inflammatory response: TNFSF4;

Gene expression results (1)FDXR TNFSF4

Examples of genes highly but transiently induced after irradiation.

Gene expression results (2)DDB2 BAX

Genes with stably increased expression even 48 h after irradiation

Gene expression results (3)BCL2 SESN2

Genes that didn’t prove to be deregulated by irradiation and therefore are not suitable for biological dosimetry.

Preliminary conclusions from the gene expression analyses

• Time after irradiation is the crucial factor in the analysis;

• It is possible to identify irradiated samples;

• Accurate dose prediction is difficult;

• Interindividual variability is significant and must be taken

into account.

Thank You for attention

Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland

Prof. Marcin KruszewskiProf. Anna LankoffDr Sylwester SommerDr Kamil BrzóskaDr Maria WojewódzkaDr Teresa BartłomiejczykIwona BuraczewskaTomasz Stępkowski

Classical and modern methods in biological dosimetry

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