Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning
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- Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational
Learning
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- Humans are not born with a genetic layout for life Learning
gives us flexibility Adaptability- Natures Greatest Gift
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- If it can be learned then it is teachable Change learned
patterns through new learning
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- Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organisms
behavior due to experience Three types of learning Classical
Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational/Social
Learning
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- How do we learn? Aristotle: We learn by association Learned
associations feed habitual behaviors Repeating behaviors in a
certain context lead those behaviors to be associated with the
contexts
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- Associate Learning: learning that certain events occur
together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its
consequence
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- Conditioning is the process of learning associations Classical
conditioning: 2 stimuli and we can anticipate events Operant
conditioning: learn to associate a response and its
consequences
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- Kobe Cow
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- Conditioning is not the only type of learning Observational
Learning- learn from others experience
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- Classical condition is learning by association it is sometimes
called reflexive learning it is sometimes called respondent
conditioning The Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, and his dogs
circa 1905 discovered classical conditioning by serendipity
received the Nobel Prize in science for discovery
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- Association: the KEY element in classical conditioning Pavlov
considered classical conditioning to be a form of learning through
association, in time, of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that
incites a response. Any stimulus can be paired with another to make
an association if it is done in the correct way (following the
classical conditioning paradigm)
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- Terminology of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS): any stimulus that will always and naturally ELICIT a
response Unconditioned Response (UCR): any response that always and
naturally occurs at the presentation of the UCS Neutral Stimulus
(NS): any stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
associated with the UCR
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- Terminology of Classical Conditioning (continued) Conditioned
Stimulus (CS): any stimulus that will, after association with an
UCS, cause a conditioned response (CR) when present to a subject by
itself Conditioned Response (CR): any response that occurs upon the
presentation of the CS
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- Certain stimuli can elicit a reflexive response Air puff
produces an eye-blink Smelling a grilled steak can produce
salivation The reflexive stimulus (UCS) and response (UCR) are
unconditioned The neutral stimulus is referred to as the
conditioned stimulus (CS) In classical conditioning, the CS is
repeatedly paired with the reflexive stimulus (UCS) Conditioning is
best when the CS precedes the UCS Eventually the CS will produce a
response (CR) similar to that produced by the UCS
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- The Classical Conditioning paradigm paradigm is a scientific
word similar to using the word recipe in a kitchen, I.e., this is
how you do it UCS--------------------->UCR
NS------------->UCS--------------------->UCR
CS------------------------------------------>CR Thats all there
is to it
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- Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Response
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- Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Response Neutral
Stimulus
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- Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Response Neutral
Stimulus
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- Conditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus
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- Classical conditioning is involved in many of our behaviors
wherever stimuli are paired together over time we come to react to
one of them as if the other were present a particular song is
played and you immediately think of a particular romantic partner a
particular cologne is smelled and you immediately think of a
romantic partner
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- Pepper and Smoking Treatment for phobias and aversions Relief
for Insomniacs Cancer and Chemotherapy Acne and the folks
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- Some pointers on effective conditioning NS and UCS pairings
must not be more than about 1/2 second apart for best results
Repeated NS/UCS pairings are called training trials Presentations
of CS without UCS pairings are called extinction trials Intensity
of UCS effects how many training trials are necessary for
conditioning to occur
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- Generalization Learning on stimulus A changes behavior
regarding stimulus B Discrimination Learning on stimulus A doesnt
change behavior regarding stimulus B Extinction Loss of learned
behavior after training stops Spontaneous Recovery Exhibiting
learned behavior after extinction has occurred.
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- B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike
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- Different from classical conditioning Classical conditioning is
respondent behavior Behavior that occurs as an automatic response
to some stimuli
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- Operant conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed
by a punisher
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- Operant behavior: behavior that operates on the environment,
producing consequences We can distinguish by asking if the organism
learns association between events it does not control or is it
learning associations between its behavior and resulting
events?
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- Operant conditioning works on the law of effect: Principle that
behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and
that behaviors followed by un favorable consequences become less
likely
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- Skinner developed the Skinner box, or the operant chamber
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- Shaping: an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers
guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the
desired behavior
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- Reinforcers: Any event that strengthens behavior it
follows
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- Types: Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
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- Positive Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by presenting a
positive stimuli, such as food. This should strengthen the
response
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- Negative Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by stopping or
reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is
any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the
response THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ex. Pushing your
soonze button or taking an aspirin
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- Types of reinforcers Primary: meets some biological need
Conditioned: gains reinforcing power through its association with a
primary reinforcer (secondary) Ex. Light in the Skinner box
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- Punishment An event that decreases the behavior it follows
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- Positive Punishment: Physical Punishment Ex. Spanking Negative
Punishment: Removal of a pleasant stimulus Ex. Grounding, taking
away phone, etc.
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- Notes on physical punishment (Gershoff and Marshall, 2002)
Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten 9/10 parents of 3-4
year olds spank Punishment teaches discrimination Punishment can
teach fear Physical punishment could model aggression as way to
cope with problems
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- The question with operant conditioning is: how often should one
reinforce a behavior?
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- Two schedules of reinforcement: Continuous Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement
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- Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing the desired response
every time it occurs Examples of continuous reinforcement: Also the
way to reinforce when potty training
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- Continuous Reinforcement: Extinction happens quickly once
reinforcement is stopped
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- Partial (intermittent) reinforcement: Reinforcing a response
only part of the time Results in slower acquisition of a response
but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous
reinforcement
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- Types of partial reinforcement Fixed-ration schedules
Variable-ratio schedules Fixed-interval schedules Variable-interval
schedules
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- Fixed Ratio Schedules: reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response only after a specified number of responses Example: for
every ten cups of coffee you purchase, the 11 th is free
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- Variable Ratio Schedules: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response only after a random number of behaviors have
occurred Example:
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- Fixed-Interval schedules: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Example:
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- Variable Interval Schedules: a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Examples:
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