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Classical Greece and RomeClassical Greece and Rome
http://www.mead.k12.wa.us/SHILOH/Griffith/MrGsWebPage2/Ancient_Greece/Ancient%20Greece.jpg
Geography of GreeceGeography of Greece
Mountainous peninsula, rugged terrainMountainous peninsula, rugged terrainNumerous islandsNumerous islandsSea serves as a mode of travel and tradeSea serves as a mode of travel and tradeGeog. Isolation of the individual poleisGeog. Isolation of the individual poleisMediterranean ClimateMediterranean Climate
Dry summer, wet winterDry summer, wet winterDifficult for most types agricultureDifficult for most types agricultureGreat for olives, grapes, barleyGreat for olives, grapes, barley
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/map4gree.jpghttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/map4gree.jpg
Early Greek CulturesEarly Greek Cultures
Minoan: 2700-1450 BCEMinoan: 2700-1450 BCELocated on CreteLocated on Crete
King Minos King Minos
Sudden destructionSudden destructionNatural disaster OR invasionNatural disaster OR invasion
Palace Palace Complex at Complex at Knossos: Knossos:
MinoaMinoa
http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/knossos/knossos_aerial.jpg
http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~warfare/Lectures/Images/1.30/36_knossos_bull_fresco.JPG
http://www.explorecrete.com/archaeology/images/knossos01.jpg
Early Greek CulturesEarly Greek Cultures
Mycenaean: 1600-1000 BCEMycenaean: 1600-1000 BCEGrew into powerful monarchiesGrew into powerful monarchiesSetting of Homer’s epic poemsSetting of Homer’s epic poems
Trojan War (around 1250 BCE)Trojan War (around 1250 BCE) Debate over true existence of TroyDebate over true existence of Troy Heinrich Schleimann- 1870Heinrich Schleimann- 1870
Decline due to internal conflict, natural Decline due to internal conflict, natural disaster and invasiondisaster and invasion
Mycenaean Mycenaean CultureCulture
Mycenaean Acropolishttp://www.greeklandscapes.com/images/destinations/mycene/mycenae_aerial_photo.jpg
http://www.visitkarpathos.com/images/intelli/mycenaean-rhyton_bullshead_1200bc_tombonaok_new3.jpg
Funeral Maskhttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/8/81/250px-MaskAgamemnon.png
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_74.51.966.jpg
Dark AgeDark Age
After fall of Mycenaea, Greece entered a After fall of Mycenaea, Greece entered a Dark AgeDark AgePeriod of decline, Depopulation Poverty, Period of decline, Depopulation Poverty, Most important development: adoption of the Most important development: adoption of the
Phoenician alphabetic systemPhoenician alphabetic system
http://www.umassd.edu/studentactivities/greek/pics/greek_alphabet.gifhttp://www.umassd.edu/studentactivities/greek/pics/greek_alphabet.gif
Greek City-StatesGreek City-States
Independent, self-governing city-state Independent, self-governing city-state known as a known as a polispolis
Hundreds of poleis, vary in size and pop.Hundreds of poleis, vary in size and pop.Sparta: largest territorySparta: largest territoryAthens: largest PopulationAthens: largest Population
Hoplite WarfareHoplite Warfare
Competition among poleis led to warCompetition among poleis led to warHopliteHoplite warfare emerged as a form of warfare emerged as a form of
defensedefenseMarched in Marched in phalanxphalanxQuick battlesQuick battles
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/images/Hoplite4thcentury.jpg
Phalanxhttp://www.wargames.co.uk/Pending/Archive/May04/phalanx-LDS.jpg
Hoplite
Spread of Greek ColoniesSpread of Greek Colonieshttp://www.worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C2/Greece/AG/GreekColonies500BCE.jpghttp://www.worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C2/Greece/AG/GreekColonies500BCE.jpg
Greek GovernmentGreek Government
Various styles of GovernmentVarious styles of GovernmentDepending on the polisDepending on the polis
Oligarchy: “rule by the few” very commonOligarchy: “rule by the few” very commonCouncil of wealthy aristocrats or eldersCouncil of wealthy aristocrats or eldersSparta had an oligarchySparta had an oligarchy
Democracy: “rule by the people”Democracy: “rule by the people”AthensAthensLimited suffrage; only free men allowed to Limited suffrage; only free men allowed to
vote and participatevote and participate
SpartaSparta
Conquered neighboring city-statesConquered neighboring city-states Forced conquered people to become Forced conquered people to become HelotsHelots
Produced food to feed the SpartansProduced food to feed the Spartans Often rebelled; put down by Spartan militaryOften rebelled; put down by Spartan military
Militaristic, rigid societyMilitaristic, rigid society Children began education at 7Children began education at 7 Taught to be disciplined and obedientTaught to be disciplined and obedient
Boys and girls train to be fit and disciplinedBoys and girls train to be fit and disciplined Boys live in barracks until age of 30, in army until 60Boys live in barracks until age of 30, in army until 60 Simple meals taken in mess hallSimple meals taken in mess hall
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/introtogreecehttp://www.utexas.edu/courses/introtogreece/lect10/emapSparta9907210001.jpg/lect10/emapSparta9907210001.jpg
SpartaSparta Society in Sparta:Society in Sparta:
Women lived in separate homes until husband reached 30Women lived in separate homes until husband reached 30 Young boys mentored by older Spartan soldiersYoung boys mentored by older Spartan soldiers
Minimalist lifestyle, no luxury items or wealthMinimalist lifestyle, no luxury items or wealth Luxury items were thought to make a person weakLuxury items were thought to make a person weak
Government in Sparta: OligarchyGovernment in Sparta: Oligarchy Dual Kingship, Council of Ephors, Council of EldersDual Kingship, Council of Ephors, Council of Elders
Only men participated in govtOnly men participated in govt Women, however, had relatively high status compared to AthensWomen, however, had relatively high status compared to Athens
Government encouraged isolation of SpartaGovernment encouraged isolation of Sparta Often did not allow people to travel to or from SpartaOften did not allow people to travel to or from Sparta Discouraged the study of anything other than the art of warDiscouraged the study of anything other than the art of war
AthensAthens Focused on learning, art, philosophyFocused on learning, art, philosophy
Became center of Greek cultureBecame center of Greek culture Highest population of the poleisHighest population of the poleis
Developed democracy after bad experiences Developed democracy after bad experiences with Tyranny and Oligarchywith Tyranny and Oligarchy Direct democracy: all eligible citizens (free men) can Direct democracy: all eligible citizens (free men) can
vote and serve in officevote and serve in office Meetings held every 10 daysMeetings held every 10 days
Ostracism as method of eliminating harmful persons Ostracism as method of eliminating harmful persons (ie. Ambitious politicians)(ie. Ambitious politicians)
Person with most votes exiled for 10 yearsPerson with most votes exiled for 10 years Reached height of power after Persian WarReached height of power after Persian War
Greek ReligionGreek Religion
PolytheisticPolytheistic 3 generations of gods3 generations of gods Best known was the 3Best known was the 3rdrd Generation Generation
Olympian Gods: Zeus as king of the godsOlympian Gods: Zeus as king of the gods
Complex rituals & festivals conducted to please Complex rituals & festivals conducted to please the gods & earn favorsthe gods & earn favors
Gods believed to communicate through Gods believed to communicate through oraclesoracles Most important was Delphic Oracle @ DelphiMost important was Delphic Oracle @ Delphi No major decisions made without consulting the No major decisions made without consulting the
oracleoracle
http://api.ning.com/files/CUTAFAUVwiWP-*2FKr6oSFRFJWZgJF-SRXV9z8X5XNU_/olympian.jpg
Greek DramaGreek Drama
Drama very popular in GreeceDrama very popular in Greece Huge influence on western worldHuge influence on western world
Themes of Greek DramaThemes of Greek Drama Humanism, good v evil, persistence, prideHumanism, good v evil, persistence, pride
Tragedies usually written in trilogiesTragedies usually written in trilogies Comedy became popular in later yearsComedy became popular in later years
Popular dramatistsPopular dramatists Aeschylus: Aeschylus: OrestiaOrestia Sophocles: Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, AntigoneOedipus Rex, Antigone EuripidesEuripides
Greek PhilosophyGreek Philosophy Philosophy: “Love of Wisdom”Philosophy: “Love of Wisdom”
Greek philosophers contemplated the universe and Greek philosophers contemplated the universe and emphasized rational thoughtemphasized rational thought
3 major philosophers3 major philosophers SocratesSocrates
Sculptor and teacher (Socratic Method of question/answer)Sculptor and teacher (Socratic Method of question/answer) Accused of corrupting the youth of AthensAccused of corrupting the youth of Athens
Found guilty, sentenced to death or exileFound guilty, sentenced to death or exile Chose death (drank hemlock poison)Chose death (drank hemlock poison)
PlatoPlato Student of SocratesStudent of Socrates Prolific writer, established the Academy to teach others his Prolific writer, established the Academy to teach others his
ideasideas
Socrateshttp://www.behappyandfree.com/pdf/socrates
Platohttp://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/plato4.jpg
Greek PhilosophyGreek Philosophy
Aristotle:Aristotle: Student of PlatoStudent of Plato Interested in analyzing and classifying the worldInterested in analyzing and classifying the world Studied many subjectsStudied many subjects
Ethics, logic, politics, poetry, physics, astronomy, geologyEthics, logic, politics, poetry, physics, astronomy, geology His ideas would influence western thought for hundreds of His ideas would influence western thought for hundreds of
yearsyears
Researched government, determined there are 3 Researched government, determined there are 3 desirable forms of governmentdesirable forms of government
Monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional governmentMonarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government
Aristotlehttp://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/aristotle2.jpg
Art in GreeceArt in Greece Pottery used as a form of ArtPottery used as a form of Art Emphasis on balance and harmonyEmphasis on balance and harmony Humans often the subject of art (humanism)Humans often the subject of art (humanism)
Body seen as a thing of beautyBody seen as a thing of beauty Often idealizedOften idealized
Sculptures emphasize toned bodies and serene facesSculptures emphasize toned bodies and serene faces beautybeauty
ArchitectureArchitecture Temples to honor godsTemples to honor gods Use of ColumnsUse of Columns
Parthenon: most famous example of Classical Greek Parthenon: most famous example of Classical Greek ArchitectureArchitecture
http://ancientgreecemoberly.pbwiki.com/f/parthenon-and-the-acropolis-landmark-1.jpg
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Parthenon/Parthenon1.jpg
http://www.olsjschool.net/pages/subzone/images/art/gkdiscus.gif
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Decline of Greeks, Triumph Decline of Greeks, Triumph of Macedoniaof Macedonia
Decline of GreeksDecline of Greeks
Internal conflict among city-states Internal conflict among city-states weakened Greeceweakened GreecePersians remained a threatPersians remained a threat
Regained territory in W. AsiaRegained territory in W. Asia
To north, Philip II began to transform To north, Philip II began to transform Macedonia Macedonia Restructured military to include cavalryRestructured military to include cavalryDeveloped siege technology- catapultDeveloped siege technology- catapultBegan to assert control over the GreeksBegan to assert control over the Greeks
Triumph of MacedoniaTriumph of Macedonia
Philip organized a coalition to defend Philip organized a coalition to defend against Persiaagainst PersiaEst. himself as leaderEst. himself as leaderAssassinated in 336 BCEAssassinated in 336 BCE
His son, Alexander, took over where he His son, Alexander, took over where he left offleft off
Empire of Alexander the GreatEmpire of Alexander the Greathttp://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/alexanderempiremap_large.jpg http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/alexanderempiremap_large.jpg
Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great
Alexander (356-323 BCE)Alexander (356-323 BCE)Used military to defeat Persians Used military to defeat Persians Expanded influence into North Africa, Egypt Expanded influence into North Africa, Egypt
and nearly all of Greeceand nearly all of GreeceEmpire was short-livedEmpire was short-lived
Power struggle after his death in 323 BCEPower struggle after his death in 323 BCEEmpire split into 3 kingdomsEmpire split into 3 kingdoms
Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and AntigonidSeleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid
Hellenistic PeriodHellenistic Period
Alexander’s vast empire helped to spread Alexander’s vast empire helped to spread Greek culture to other parts of the worldGreek culture to other parts of the worldEven after his death, the Hellenistic Kingdoms Even after his death, the Hellenistic Kingdoms
continued to spread Greek culturecontinued to spread Greek cultureGovt. in Hellenistic Kingdoms: autocraticGovt. in Hellenistic Kingdoms: autocraticTrade and learning flourishedTrade and learning flourishedCities became cultural centersCities became cultural centers
Alexandria in Egypt very important cityAlexandria in Egypt very important city
RomeRome
Geography of RomeGeography of Rome
ItalyItalyHilly terrainHilly terrain
Mountains along eastern coastMountains along eastern coastAlps serve as barrier from northAlps serve as barrier from north
Navigable rivers, access to Med. SeaNavigable rivers, access to Med. SeaRiver valleys and volcanic soil good for ag.River valleys and volcanic soil good for ag.
Climate much like that in GreeceClimate much like that in GreeceAbundance of Natural resourcesAbundance of Natural resources
RomeRome
Legend of Rome’s CreationLegend of Rome’s CreationFounded by Romulus in 753 BCEFounded by Romulus in 753 BCE
Agriculture essential part of economyAgriculture essential part of economyLand is a measure of wealth and powerLand is a measure of wealth and power
Initially ruled by series of kingsInitially ruled by series of kingsRepublic created in 507 BCERepublic created in 507 BCE
Roman RepublicRoman Republic
507-31 BCE507-31 BCEGovernment Structure during the RepublicGovernment Structure during the Republic
Power in hands of the elitePower in hands of the eliteElection of officials by assembly of citizensElection of officials by assembly of citizens
Wealthy citizens’ votes counted for more than the Wealthy citizens’ votes counted for more than the poor citizenspoor citizens
Expansion under the Roman Expansion under the Roman RepublicRepublic
Rome began to exert influence over the Rome began to exert influence over the rest of the Italian peninsularest of the Italian peninsula
Use of military to acquire new landsUse of military to acquire new landsPunic Wars: 3 wars fought with CarthagePunic Wars: 3 wars fought with Carthage
264-146 BCE264-146 BCEDefeated Carthage in N. AfricaDefeated Carthage in N. Africa
Continued on to seize the western Med., Continued on to seize the western Med., Egypt, and GreeceEgypt, and Greece
Decline of the Roman RepublicDecline of the Roman Republic
Inequality within the Republic led to revoltsInequality within the Republic led to revoltsSeries of ambitious generals used the Series of ambitious generals used the
military to consolidate their own powermilitary to consolidate their own powerSulla, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony, and Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony, and
OctavianOctavian
Decline of the Roman Republic, Decline of the Roman Republic, Rise of the Roman EmpireRise of the Roman Empire
After death of Julius Caesar, conflict arose After death of Julius Caesar, conflict arose 27 BCE Octavian (Augustus) came to 27 BCE Octavian (Augustus) came to
powerpowerestablished basic structure of the Roman established basic structure of the Roman
EmpireEmpireFor next 200 years, the Roman Empire For next 200 years, the Roman Empire
expanded and flourishedexpanded and flourished
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Government under the Roman Government under the Roman EmpireEmpire
Roman Senate still met, but all major Roman Senate still met, but all major decisions made by emperordecisions made by emperor
Use of military to maintain controlUse of military to maintain controlEmpire was tolerant of local traditionsEmpire was tolerant of local traditions
As long as they did not interfere with well-As long as they did not interfere with well-being of the empirebeing of the empire
Government under the Roman Government under the Roman EmpireEmpire
Pax Romana (Roman Peace)Pax Romana (Roman Peace) Roman citizenship extended to conquered Roman citizenship extended to conquered
peoplespeoples Clearly defined laws throughout the empireClearly defined laws throughout the empire
Promote order and unityPromote order and unity Government regulated grain productionGovernment regulated grain production
Used empire to feed the masses in Rome and other Used empire to feed the masses in Rome and other large citieslarge cities
Construction projects throughout empireConstruction projects throughout empire Public baths, theaters, roads, etc.Public baths, theaters, roads, etc.
Technology of Roman EmpireTechnology of Roman Empire
Romans excelled in Romans excelled in engineeringengineering Aqueducts to transport Aqueducts to transport
waterwater Domed buildings Domed buildings Massive public Massive public
buildingsbuildings
Little effort to develop Little effort to develop new technology or new technology or ideas in science ideas in science
http://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/education/projects/webunits/greecerome/acqu.jpg
Art and EntertainmentArt and Entertainment
Like the Greeks, the Romans continued on Like the Greeks, the Romans continued on the idea of humanismthe idea of humanismReflected in artReflected in art
Busts of rulersBusts of rulersScenes of Roman conquestScenes of Roman conquest
Elaborate public facilities available for use Elaborate public facilities available for use by city-dwellersby city-dwellers
Gladiator Games and Chariot races were Gladiator Games and Chariot races were popular forms of entertainmentpopular forms of entertainment
ReligionReligion
Early Roman religion was much like that of Early Roman religion was much like that of GreeceGreeceSimilar gods with different namesSimilar gods with different names
Ie. King of GodsIe. King of Gods Greece= Zeus, Rome=JupiterGreece= Zeus, Rome=Jupiter
313: Roman Empire adopted Christianity313: Roman Empire adopted ChristianityEmperor ConstantineEmperor ConstantineAttempt to create sense of unity within a Attempt to create sense of unity within a
crumbling empirecrumbling empire
Society and CultureSociety and Culture
Institutionalized system of social inequality Institutionalized system of social inequality in Romein RomeSlavery commonSlavery common
Used for housework, working in mines, and Used for housework, working in mines, and agricultureagriculture
Over time, free farmers became tenant Over time, free farmers became tenant farmers who worked the land of wealthy farmers who worked the land of wealthy aristocratsaristocrats
Power centered in hands of the wealthyPower centered in hands of the wealthy
Society and CultureSociety and Culture
Patriarchal societyPatriarchal societyOldest male was head of familyOldest male was head of familyWomen under authority of male relativesWomen under authority of male relativesWoman’s place was in the home, no political Woman’s place was in the home, no political
powerpowerHowever, some were able to exert influence over However, some were able to exert influence over
husbandshusbands
EconomyEconomy
Ag based economyAg based economy Most people made living through farmingMost people made living through farming
Olives & grapes in Italy, grains and vegetables in other parts Olives & grapes in Italy, grains and vegetables in other parts of the empireof the empire
Grain essential, but does not grow well in ItalyGrain essential, but does not grow well in Italy Use of empire to feed the masses in RomeUse of empire to feed the masses in Rome
Trade and Commerce essential to feed the empireTrade and Commerce essential to feed the empire As such, merchants enjoyed high social statusAs such, merchants enjoyed high social status
Luxury items imported from eastLuxury items imported from east Silk RoadSilk Road Traded animal skins, metals, and exotic animal Traded animal skins, metals, and exotic animal
species for silk and spices from eastspecies for silk and spices from east
Decline of Roman EmpireDecline of Roman Empire
After 200 years of vigorous growth, After 200 years of vigorous growth, Roman Empire began a slow declineRoman Empire began a slow declineEconomic deterioration as trade began to Economic deterioration as trade began to
declinedeclineEmperors were unable to maintain control in Emperors were unable to maintain control in
far reaches of the empirefar reaches of the empireLocal authorities began to reassert more Local authorities began to reassert more
powerpowerGermanic invasions from North led to the fall Germanic invasions from North led to the fall
of the western half of the empire of the western half of the empire
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