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INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE
CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
Risa Smith
Co-Chair, Protected Areas Climate Change Specialist Group
Linking International Agreements
Nature-Based
Solutions and the Paris Climate
Agreement
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
Using Nature-Based
Solutions to Avoid
Unintended Negative
Consequences
Using Nature-Based
Solutions to obtain co-benefits
3
3
Linking International Agreements
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
4
TRADE IN ENDANGERED
SPECIES
(CITES)
DESERTIFICATION
(UNCCD)
PLANT PROTECTION
(IPPC)
KYOTO
SO MANY INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS: SO FEW CO-BENEFITS
CLIMATE
CHANGE
(UNFCCC)
2030 AGENDA FOR SD &
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS
MIGRATORY SPECIES
(CMS)
GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD
AND AGRICULTURE
(ITPGRFA)
WORLD HERITAGE
WETLANDS (RAMSAR)
LAW OF THE SEA
(UNCLOS)
BIODIVERSITY (CBD)
PARIS AGREEMENT
BIODIVERSITY BEYOND
NATIONAL JURISDICTION
POLLUTANTS (STOCKHOLM,
BASEL,
MONTREAL)
5
NON-GOVERNMENT PLAYERS AND IMPORTANT IMPLEMENTERS OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
MEMBERS
-216 States and government agencies
-1100 non-government
organizations
- 13,000 experts
- 160 countries
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR
CONSERVATION OF NATURE
(IUCN)
6 COMMISSIONS:
-Protected Areas
-Species Survival
-Education and Communication
-Environmental Law
-Environmental, Economic & Social Policy
-Ecosystem Management
6
6
Nature-Based
Solutions and the Paris Climate Agreement
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
7
WHAT IS THE PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT?
0.90C
2017
Limit global
warming to “well
below 20C”
above
preindustrial
levels and to
“pursue efforts to
limit it to 1.50 C”
by end of the
century
8
PATHWAYS TO 1.5 OC
Photo credits: 1. ALAMY/The Telegraph; 2. Frontpage/Shutterstock.com; 3. Shzphoto/shutterstock.com
Stop using fossil fuels 1
Remove carbon
dioxide from the
atmosphere
(e.g. ecosystem
restoration &/or
technologies)
3 Reduce
emissions
from land use
& land use
change &
maintain
carbon sinks
(e.g. Stop
deforestation)
2
Source: IPCC 2014 (based on global emissions from 2010)
10
11
Noting the importance of ensuring the
integrity of all ecosystems,
including oceans, and the
protection of biodiversity…. when taking
action to address climate change
PARIS AGREEMENT RECOGNIZES THE ROLE OF NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS
Recognizing the Importance of
the conservation
and enhancement of
sinks and reservoirs of the
greenhouse gases referred
to in the Convention
Preamble Preamble
. . . Achieve a balance between
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by
sinks of greenhouse
gases in the 2nd half of this
century
Article 4 Article 5
. . . Take action to conserve and enhance … sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse
gases. (includes reducing
deforestation and forest
degradation, conservation
etc. )
12
12
Nature-Based Solutions
Obtain Co-Benefits for
Climate Change and Biodiversity
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
13
FORESTS
Amazon Rainforest Brazil. Photo: Filipe Frazao/shutterstock.com
Loss of natural forests is
responsible for ~ 15-20%
of GHG emissions
The Bonn Challenge:
restore 150 million
hectares of deforested
and degraded land by
2020; 350 million
hectares by 2030
To date: 168 million
hectares pledged for
restoration; potential for
15.66 GtCO2
sequestered.
Co-Benefits for the Aichi
Biodiversity Targets
14
FORESTS
Adapted from Griscom et al 2017
15
CREATIVE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
Vertical
Forests in
Milan, Italy
May 28, 2017
By Stefano
Boeri
sustainable
architecture
Photos: Sabino Parente/Shutterstock.com
16
PEATLANDS
Photo: Shzphoto/shutterstock.com
Considerable debate exists
on how much carbon is
stored in the world’s
peatlands. Some authors
think it could be greater than
the carbon stored in the
world’s forests.
GHG emissions from
drained or burned peatlands
account for 6% of global
annual CO2 emissions
15% of the world’s peatlands
are already destroyed or
degraded
17
PEATLANDS
Adapted from Griscom et al 2017
18
CASE STUDY: CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL PEATLANDS IN CONGO BASIN
Curvette Centrale peatland complex extending across
Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo.
Photo: Zero-sum
Equivalent of 3 years of global
greenhouse gas emissions are
stored in the Congo Basin: 30.6
billion tonnes of carbon
covering 145,500 km2.
30% of all of the soil organic
carbon found within tropical
peatlands, and about 5% of all
global peatlands carbon is
found in the Congo Basin.
Only 11% of Congo Basin
Peatlands are in Protected
Areas
19
COASTAL WETLANDS (BLUE CARBON): MANGROVES
Mangrove forest, Mexico. Photo: Elis Blanca/Shutterstock.com
Halting half of the annual
coastal wetland loss
would reduce GHG
emissions by 230 million
tonnes of CO2/yr,
equivalent to taking
50,000 cars off the road.
If coastal wetlands were
restored to their 1990
extent it would increase
annual carbon
sequestration 160 million
tonnes CO2 per year –
offsetting the burning of
77.4 million tonnes of
coal.
20
COASTAL WETLANDS
21
COASTAL WETLANDS (BLUE CARBON): EELGRASS BEDS
Eel grass bed. Photos: Divedog/Shutterstock.
22
Photo: Prairie Restorations Inc. Solar pollinator site
RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy
installations can also take a
nature-based solutions
approach.
Solar farms can be:
• Landscaped to attract
pollinators or
endangered species
such as the monarch
butterfly
• Placed on degraded
lands
• Co-located with
agriculture or on
reservoirs
23
23
Nature-Based Solutions to
Avoid Unintended
Negative Consequences
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
24
UNINTENDED NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES: CARBON SEQUESTRATION WITHOUT BIODIVERSITY
Young oil palm trees planted on cleared forest land – S.E. Asia
Photo: KYTan/Shutterstock.com
Eucalyptus forest for paper in Brazil.
Photo: Paulo Fridman/Corbis/The Guardian
25
INVASIVE GRASSES AND FIRE – CALIFORNIA
Wildfire burning grass and trees in California. Photo: Tongra239/Shutterstock.com
26
CASE STUDY: PEATLAND DRAINAGE IN INDONESIA
Wildfire consume dry peatlands in
central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Photo:
Bay Ismoyo Getty Images
Peatland forest in Kampar, Indonesia, is cleared for a
plantation to grow acacia for pulp wood. Photo: Ahmad
Zamroni/Getty Images
1. Significantly increasing country
ambitions to reduce fossil fuel
emissions
2. Change land, water and marine
management to avoid degrading carbon
sequestering ecosystems, including protecting important carbon sequestering
ecosystems
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
3. Increased use of proven nature-based
solutions to take carbon out of the
atmosphere, including restoration
& protection of restored ecosystems
SUMMARY: WE CAN STILL LIMIT CLIMATE CHANGE TO 20C BY:
28
THANK YOU
Risa Smith
Protected Areas Climate Change Specialist Group
Risa.smith.wcpa.iucn@gmail.com
Great Blue Heron with algae & sculpin, Vancouver Island. Photo: Patagonian Stock AE/Shutterstock.
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