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Climate Change and Stormwater Management – Lessons from Hurricane Sandy and Future
Regulatory Initiatives
Saugus River Watershed Council – January 29, 2013 Steven Roy, Principal, LEED® AP
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Ann Arbor
Atlanta
Austin
Baton Rouge Boca Raton Boston (2)
Cape Canaveral
Chicago (2)
Columbus Greenville
Houston Huntington
Huntington Beach
Jacksonville Knoxville
Lake Charles
Los Angeles Macon
Milwaukee
New York City Oakland
Pasadena
Pensacola
Portland Princeton
Raleigh
Richmond San Bernardino
San Diego (2)
Santa Barbara
Seattle
Tacoma
Tampa
Washington, D.C.
United States Locations
Founded in 1983, 100% employee-owned
Practicing in select engineering and environmental disciplines
1,000 employees in 60 offices (US, Canada, Malaysia, United Kingdom)
90 Water Resources Professionals
75% of our technical staff hold advanced degrees in an engineering or environmental science discipline
Concentrating on creative environmental solutions
Corporate Overview
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Presentation Objectives • Brief Review of Hurricane Sandy and Water Resources Impacts
• Understanding of the new regulatory drivers for stormwater management – CERCLA/RCRA/NPDES
• What is Low Impact Development and Green Infrastructure?
• Federal Facilities - EISA Section 438 requirements and State Stormwater requirements
• Municipal Separate Storm Sewer (MS4 )Permit Requirements and Climate Change Adaptation
***
www.geosyntec.com Recap of 2012
• The following video from Climate.Gov highlights the weather extremes from 2012
• http://www.climate.gov/#climateWatch
www.geosyntec.com Sandy Facts • Damage of at least $20 billion.
Preliminary estimates of losses that include business interruption surpass $50 billion, behind only Hurricane Katrina
• DC Water estimated that 240 million gallons of untreated, but diluted, wastewater were discharged into the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers as the sewer system and treatment plants were inundated
• Highest Rainfall totals Andrews AFB 15.3” Wildcrest, NJ 11.6” Milton, MA 3.3”
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Superstorm Sandy Peak Wind Gusts - October 30, 2012 Source: EQECAT, Inc.
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NOAA’s GOES-13 satellite - Post-Tropical Sandy rolling inland on Tuesday, Oct. 30 at
6:02 a.m. EDT. (NASA)
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Sandy 14.06
Donna 10.01 (1960)
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• In Bridgeport, CT, 15 million to 20 million gallons of partially treated sewage went into Long Island Sound. One Estimate was 1B gallons of untreated wastewater in NY/NJ.
• A 349,000-gallon diesel fuel spill in New Jersey’s Arthur Kill waterway
• NYS 2100 Commission – Jan. 6, 2013 – released 175 page report on infrastructure adaptation plans and projects in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Storm barriers Green infrastructure Infrastructure improvements “Climate change is dramatically increasing the frequency and the
severity of these situations,”
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• A New York state commission is recommending that the state invest billions of dollars in "green infrastructure" improvements that retains stormwater and reduce the impact of extreme storm events in the wake of Hurricane Sandy -- a move that would dovetail with a new White House study that expects such storms to become more common due to global warming, as well as EPA's initiative to encourage green infrastructure development.
NYS 2100 Commission Findings
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• 6.2 million cubic yards of debris was left behind in New Jersey after Hurricane Sandy -enough to fill a 170-acre landfill
• In NJ, 80 out of 369 wastewater-treatment plants were damaged during and after the storm
• Extreme weather is the new normal
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Average rate of sea level rise of 2.5 mm/yr in last 80 years (USGS)
• By 2100, average precipitation in the spring and winter is projected to increase 20 percent to 30 percent in the Northeast.
• February 2008’s statewide average of 8.7 inches of precipitation, about 270 percent above normal, made it the wettest February on record.
• In recent years, the statewide cumulative precipitation of Massachusetts has been 40 percent above normal levels.
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www.geosyntec.com Future Solutions Involve
• Climate Change Planning • Mitigation • Adaptation
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What are the Drivers for Stormwater Management?
• Green Infrastructure for Combined Sewer Overflow Control – Long-Term Control Plans (LTCPs)
• Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)- Federal Facilities
• LEED/Green Buildings • New State and Federal Stormwater Regulations
New MS4 Regulations Coming to a State Near You 2013 EPA Stormwater Rule Residual Designation Authority – CWA Section 402p
• Impervious Surfaces Rule!
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www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/section438
www.geosyntec.com Overview • Stormwater runoff from urban (highway, industrial,
commercial, residential areas have concentrations of pollutants that may be of concern for sediment recontamination (dependent on clean up levels)
• Stormwater volumes can contribute to migration of sources even if “clean” (stormwater runoff to CSOs or infiltration and resulting pollutant movement to sediments)
• The potential for stormwater contributing to recontamination, either real or perceived, can limit the ability to attract interest in Brownfield redevelopment.
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Sediment Recontamination History
Source: Analysis of Recontamination of Completed Sediment Remedial Projects. Steven C. Nadeau and Merton M. Skaggs, Jr., P.E. Paper D-050, in: E.A. Foote and G.S. Durell (Conference Chairs), Remediation of Contaminated Sediments—2007. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (Savannah, Georgia; January 2007). ISBN 978-1-57477-159-6, published by Battelle Press, Columbus, OH,
Urban Wet Weather Recontamination Sources:
•Stormwater •CSOs •SSOs
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www.geosyntec.com Sediment Issues:
Typical Urban/Industrial Runoff Stormwater Source Pollutants
Current Stormwater Pollutants Dioxin (General atmospheric) Copper (Break pad linings, atmospheric, pipes/downspouts) Zinc (Roofing materials, atmospheric, pipes/downspouts) Lead (smaller concentrations – newer development,
galvanized pipes) Pesticides (applied to landscaping)
Legacy Pollutants PCBs (but still circulating/old materials) Mercury (but still circulating) Other Pesticides Lead (larger concentrations – older development, flashing)
Multiple pollutants and sources requires comprehensive stormwater management
www.geosyntec.com Effectiveness of Passive Treatment BMPs
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Impervious Surfaces Generate Stormwater Runoff
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“Volume” Control and “Retain-on-site” • Volume control is emerging as a required approach:
Municipal Stormwater Permits: Washington D.C., Orange County, CA, Ventura, CA, SF Bay area, San Diego, West Virginia Phase II, Oregon Draft MS4, BWSC, etc.
• EPA Headquarters and Regions are pursuing this approach
aggressively (EISA, section 438, stormwater rulemaking, TMDL memo etc.)
www.geosyntec.com Surface Water vs. Groundwater (and Evapotranspiration!)
• Surface water regulators want to push stormwater into the ground as much as possible
• Groundwater regulators and users are concerned about this
Surface Water Regulators/NRDC
Groundwater Regulators / Water Agencies
Infil
tratio
n
Evapotranspiration
www.geosyntec.com CSO’s Did You Know? • Stormwater runoff is the #1 source of pollution
to our rivers and streams Sediment Nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) Bacteria
• There are 772 Cities in the US with combined sewer outfalls (CSOs) After most rain events raw, untreated sewerage is discharged In NYC ¼” of precipitation triggers CSO events
www.geosyntec.com New York City • Will spend $2 Billion on CSO Controls • Green Infrastructure is Included
Bioswales Blue Roofs CSO Volume Reduction - $187M to control 1” runoff on 1.5% of
impervious surfaces by Dec 31, 2015!
Boston as of January 1, 2013
• All permits to connect to the • BWSC sewer requires • retention of the first 1” of runoff
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Development increases stormwater volume, peak flow, and duration
Post Development Hydrograph Q= flow rate t= time
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www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/section438
New Federal Facility Stormwater requirements
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EISA Section 438
Text of Section 438:
“Storm water runoff requirements for federal development projects. The sponsor of any development or redevelopment project involving a Federal facility with a footprint that exceeds 5,000 square feet shall use site planning, design, construction, and maintenance strategies for the property to maintain or restore, to the maximum extent technically feasible, the predevelopment hydrology of the property with regard to the temperature, rate, volume, and duration of flow.”
www.geosyntec.com Performance Options Option 1 : Control 95th Percentile
Rainfall Event • Manage rainfall onsite • Infiltrate, Evapotranspirate, Harvest and
Infiltrate, and Reuse Runoff Note: The 95th percentile rainfall event is the
event whose precipitation total is greater than or equal to 95 percent of all 24-hour storms on an annual basis.
www.geosyntec.com 95% Storm Event
City 95th Percentile Event Rainfall Total (in) City
95th Percentile Event Rainfall Total (in)
Atlanta, GA 1.8 Kansas City, MO 1.7 Baltimore, MD 1.6 Knoxville, TN 1.5 Boston, MA 1.5 Louisville, KY 1.5
Buffalo, NY 1.1 Minneapolis, MN 1.4 Burlington, VT 1.1 New York, NY 1.7
Charleston, WV 1.2 Salt Lake City, UT 0.8
Coeur D’Alene, ID 0.7 Phoenix, AZ 1 Cincinnati, OH 1.5 Portland, OR 1 Columbus, OH 1.3 Seattle, WA 1.6 Concord, NH 1.3 Washington, DC 1.7 Denver, CO 1.1
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Worst case cost 52,272 sq ft @ $15/sq ft = $784,080 Plus site demo, design, permits= ~$900k
www.geosyntec.com Performance Options • Option 2: Preserve
predevelopment hydrology (rate, volume, duration & temperature) Conduct hydrologic and
hydraulic analyses Quantify post-construction
hydrographs for the following storm sizes:
• 1, 2, 10 and 100 year 24 hour storm events
Maintain pre-development hydrographs for these storm events
www.geosyntec.com Performance Options
What if Options 1 and 2 are not technically feasible?
• Conduct site evaluation and assessment • If site conditions or other factors preclude
achievement of Options 1 or 2, i.e., neither is technically feasible
• Agency/Department follows a process to employ onsite practices to the METF
• Agency/Department documents stormwater design based on METF and other factors
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Era of the Big Basin – Gone! Stormwater management
designs that manage only peak discharge rates often exacerbate the problem.
Natural-based systems
respond to runoff volumes, frequencies, durations and temperatures as well.
www.geosyntec.com Assessing Street Designs
http://www.epa.gov/ne/npdes/stormwater/ImperviousAssessment.pdf
New – April 2011
•Pavement widths •ROW widths •Building frontage •Turnarounds •Sidewalks •Driveways •Parking lot Standards
www.geosyntec.com Impervious Area Assessment
http://www.epa.gov/ne/npdes/stormwater/ma/MADCIA.pdf
Step 1. Establish Baseline IA/DCIA (will be provided by EPA by subwatershed). Step 2. Annually Track Changes in IA and DCIA –at the development level by reviewing as-built site plans and calculating effectiveness of BMPs. Step 3. Starting in Year 2, Include a Summary of the Net Changes by subbasin in your annual report.
www.geosyntec.com Stormwater Retrofits
http://www.epa.gov/ne/npdes/stormwater/BMPRetrofit.pdf
Permittees must:
•Implement BMPs as a part of your SWMP
•Look for retrofits on MS4-owned properties
•Retrofit MS4 properties
•Install controls at municipal facilities as a part of the SWPPP (each facility needs a SWPPP)
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Stormwater Management in New Development and Redevelopment -Highlights
• Identify areas > 1 acre impervious and retain first one (1) inch of rainfall from 24-hr storm
• Require submission of as-built plans and procedures for long-term O&M of BMPS
• Assess developments for LID Potential • Incorporate “green” • Estimate the IA and DCIA (directly connected impervious area) added or removed • Retrofit properties with BMPs and report
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New Federal Stormwater Regulations (Proposed – the 2013 Rule)
• EPA Proposed SW Rulemaking – Effective June 2013 New stormwater controls for “newly developed and
redeveloped sites” Likely to require retrofits to existing sites May apply everywhere – Currently 30% of the land
area in the US is within an MS4.
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Sustainable Stormwater Management • Low Impact Development Stormwater Designs Green roofs Trees and tree boxes Raingardens/bioretention/infiltration planters Vegetated swales Pocket wetlands Permeable pavements Reforestation/revegetation Site planning- protection of riparian
buffers/floodplains Rainwater harvesting/reuse (where allowed)
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www.geosyntec.com Blue Roofs- NYC Part of PLANYC Controls up to the 2” event
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45% reduction in outflow volume! Significant peak reduction
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Example from Sandy:
Advanced Rainwater Harvesting System, NC
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Advanced Rainwater Harvesting
Simplest Definition: Drain storage in advance of predicted rainfall or other trigger
www.geosyntec.com Pilot System: NC State
Advanced Rainwater Harvesting
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Internet Gateway (Powered by ioBridge)
Automatic Drain Valve
Irrigation Pump Overflows from Tanks
Cisterns
Pilot System: NC State Advanced Rainwater Harvesting
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Advanced Rainwater Harvesting
www.geosyntec.com NC State Pilot – Dashboard (1-min refresh)
System Behavior Week of 4/5/2012 11:52 AM
www.geosyntec.com NC State Pilot – Dashboard (1-min refresh)
System Behavior Week of 4/5/2012 2:06 PM
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www.geosyntec.com Stream Daylighting (Long Lake, Littleton, MA)
www.geosyntec.com Bioretention Cell (Hamilton Reservoir, Holland, MA)
www.geosyntec.com Bioretention cell with overflow
www.geosyntec.com 100 ft Linear Bioretention Cell in Beach Parking Lot
www.geosyntec.com Raingarden/Bioretention Cell
www.geosyntec.com Bioretention Cell (Dudley Pond, Wayland, MA)
www.geosyntec.com Constructed Wetland with Sediment Forebay (Long Lake, Littleton, MA)
www.geosyntec.com Planter Box for Roof Runoff (Plymouth, MA)
www.geosyntec.com Tree Box Filter (bioretention)
www.geosyntec.com Boat Ramp with Porous Pavers (Long Lake, Littleton, MA))
www.geosyntec.com Gravel Pave™
www.geosyntec.com Porous Pavements (Silver Lake, Wilmington MA)
• Interlocking Concrete Pavers • Porous Asphalt / Concrete • FlexiPave
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FlexiPave™ – recycled rubber tires and aggregate
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