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Colonial AmericaColonial AmericaUnit 2 (1607-1754)
Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for
dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial
and native societies emerged.
EnglandEngland
►Defeat of Spanish Armada in Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior 1588 makes England a superior naval powernaval power
►Population increasesPopulation increases►Joint-stock companies developJoint-stock companies develop►Religious conflicts divide the Religious conflicts divide the
nationnation►Weak monarchs, civil wars, and Weak monarchs, civil wars, and
revolutionsrevolutions
English ColoniesEnglish Colonies►ChartersCharters►Corporate ColonyCorporate Colony
Granted a charter to stockholdersGranted a charter to stockholders Ex. VirginiaEx. Virginia
►Royal ColonyRoyal Colony Under direct control of the monarchUnder direct control of the monarch Ex. New HampshireEx. New Hampshire Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal
colonies, including Virginia and Massachusettscolonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts
►Proprietary ColonyProprietary Colony Granted a charter to individual or groupGranted a charter to individual or group Ex. Maryland, PennsylvaniaEx. Maryland, Pennsylvania
The First English ColoniesThe First English Colonies►First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585 FAILED►First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607
John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat”
John Rolfe – tobacco
Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia► Early ProblemsEarly Problems
Location in swampy area Location in swampy area led to dysentery and led to dysentery and malariamalaria
Gentleman unaccustomed Gentleman unaccustomed to physical work – gold to physical work – gold seekers who refused to seekers who refused to farmfarm
Original trade with Original trade with Natives, but soon turned Natives, but soon turned to conflictto conflict
Starvation – “work or die” Starvation – “work or die” ethic of John Smithethic of John Smith
Profited off of tobacco Profited off of tobacco introduced by John Rolfeintroduced by John Rolfe
► Transition to a Transition to a Royal Colony (1624)Royal Colony (1624) Colony very unstableColony very unstable Became the 1Became the 1stst royal royal
colony in 1624colony in 1624
PilgrimsPilgrims
►Separatists to Separatists to Holland then head Holland then head for Virginiafor Virginia
►Mayflower takes Mayflower takes Separatists and Separatists and others to Jamestown others to Jamestown but weather but weather complicates matterscomplicates matters
►Settlers decide to Settlers decide to remain and establish remain and establish Plymouth (1620)Plymouth (1620)
The Plymouth ColonyThe Plymouth Colony► Early HardshipsEarly Hardships
Half of the Pilgrims died Half of the Pilgrims died during that first winterduring that first winter
Helped by the Wampanoag Helped by the Wampanoag Indians to adapt to the Indians to adapt to the land, and celebrated the land, and celebrated the good harvest with a good harvest with a thanksgiving feast in 1621thanksgiving feast in 1621
Flourished under strong Flourished under strong leadership of Governor leadership of Governor William Bradford and William Bradford and othersothers
Economy based on fish, Economy based on fish, furs, and lumberfurs, and lumber
Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay
►Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans Colony and Puritans (1630)(1630) Wanted to “purify” the Wanted to “purify” the
Church of EnglandChurch of England Led by John Winthrop, Led by John Winthrop,
1,000 Puritans set sail 1,000 Puritans set sail for Massachusettsfor Massachusetts►Established present-Established present-
day Bostonday Boston Believed the colony to Believed the colony to
be a “city upon a hill”be a “city upon a hill”
Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay
““For we must For we must consider that consider that we shall be a we shall be a city upon a hill. city upon a hill. The eyes of all The eyes of all people are people are upon us…”upon us…”
– – John WinthropJohn Winthrop
Early Political InstitutionsEarly Political Institutions
►Representation Representation in Virginiain VirginiaVirginia House Virginia House of Burgesses of Burgesses (1619) – first (1619) – first representative representative government in government in AmericaAmerica
Early Political InstitutionsEarly Political Institutions
►Representation in New EnglandRepresentation in New England PlymouthPlymouth►Mayflower Compact (1620) – first self-Mayflower Compact (1620) – first self-government in America; agreed to the government in America; agreed to the will of the majority; drafted by the will of the majority; drafted by the PilgrimsPilgrims
Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay►All freemen (male members of the All freemen (male members of the Puritan Church) could participate in Puritan Church) could participate in yearly elections of the colony’s governor yearly elections of the colony’s governor and representative assemblyand representative assembly
Limits to Colonial DemocracyLimits to Colonial Democracy
►Only male property Only male property owners could vote for owners could vote for representativesrepresentatives
►Autocratic governmentAutocratic government►Democratic ideals Democratic ideals
developed, yet slavery developed, yet slavery and mistreatment of and mistreatment of the Natives still the Natives still existedexisted
The Chesapeake ColoniesThe Chesapeake Colonies► VirginiaVirginia
► Jamestown, 1607Jamestown, 1607►Became a royal colony in 1624Became a royal colony in 1624
► Maryland (1632)Maryland (1632)►Created when King Charles I Created when King Charles I
subdivided Virginiasubdivided Virginia►Given to George Calvert (Lord Given to George Calvert (Lord
Baltimore) for his loyalty to the crownBaltimore) for his loyalty to the crown
► Act of Toleration (1649)Act of Toleration (1649)►Granted religious freedom to all Granted religious freedom to all
ChristiansChristians►Called for the death of anyone who Called for the death of anyone who
denied the divinity of Jesusdenied the divinity of Jesus
► Protestant RevoltProtestant Revolt► Protestants revolted against Catholics, Protestants revolted against Catholics,
and repealed Act of Toleration in 1660sand repealed Act of Toleration in 1660s
Labor ShortagesLabor Shortages► Indentured servantsIndentured servants
►Passage paid to the colony in exchange for years (usually Passage paid to the colony in exchange for years (usually 4-7) of labor 4-7) of labor
►Provided temporary laborProvided temporary labor► Headright SystemHeadright System
► 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrantwho paid for immigrant
► SlaverySlavery►Dutch ship brought 1Dutch ship brought 1stst Africans to Virginia in 1619 Africans to Virginia in 1619►Most colonists were too poor to buy slaves, and only 400 Most colonists were too poor to buy slaves, and only 400
African laborers were in VA by 1650African laborers were in VA by 1650► Economic problemsEconomic problems
►Low tobacco prices in the 1660s because of Low tobacco prices in the 1660s because of overproduction (think supply and demand) brought hard overproduction (think supply and demand) brought hard times to the Chesapeake coloniestimes to the Chesapeake colonies
Conflict in VirginiaConflict in Virginia
► Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Caused by inequities between Caused by inequities between
large landowners and western large landowners and western farmers (protection from Indian farmers (protection from Indian attacks)attacks)
Nathanial Bacon led a group of Nathanial Bacon led a group of farmers on Indian raids farmers on Indian raids throughout Virginiathroughout Virginia
Bacon died of dysentery, the Bacon died of dysentery, the rebellion fell apart, and rebellion fell apart, and Governor Berkeley had 23 Governor Berkeley had 23 rebels executedrebels executed
► Lasting ProblemsLasting Problems►Class distinctions between Class distinctions between
wealthy planters and poor wealthy planters and poor farmersfarmers
►Colonial resistance to royal Colonial resistance to royal controlcontrol
New EnglandNew England► Rhode Island (1636)Rhode Island (1636)
Roger Williams was banished Roger Williams was banished from Mass. Bay and established from Mass. Bay and established Providence, RI in 1636Providence, RI in 1636►Recognized rights of Indians Recognized rights of Indians
and paid them for use of and paid them for use of their land; allowed Catholics, their land; allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to Quakers, and Jews to practice freely (religious practice freely (religious toleration)toleration)
Anne Hutchinson was banished Anne Hutchinson was banished from Mass. Bay for dissention, from Mass. Bay for dissention, and founded Portsmouth, RI in and founded Portsmouth, RI in 16381638►She migrated to Long Island, She migrated to Long Island,
NY a few years later, and NY a few years later, and was killed in an Indian attackwas killed in an Indian attack
New EnglandNew England► ConnecticutConnecticut
Thomas Hooker left Mass. Bay Thomas Hooker left Mass. Bay and founded Hartford in 1636and founded Hartford in 1636
Fundamental Orders of Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – 1Connecticut (1639) – 1stst written written constitution in American constitution in American history; established a history; established a representative governmentrepresentative government
New Haven was established in New Haven was established in 1637; joined with Hartford in 1637; joined with Hartford in 1665 to form Connecticut1665 to form Connecticut
► New HampshireNew Hampshire Founded by John Mason in Founded by John Mason in
1629;1629; Became part of Mass. Bay Became part of Mass. Bay
before being separated by King before being separated by King Charles II in 1679Charles II in 1679
New England and ReligionNew England and Religion► Puritanical lifestyle in Puritanical lifestyle in
MassachusettsMassachusetts► Religious toleration and Religious toleration and
dissent Rhode Islanddissent Rhode Island Roger Williams and “wall of Roger Williams and “wall of
separation”separation” Anne Hutchinson and Anne Hutchinson and
AntinomianismAntinomianism
► Halfway Covenant (1662)Halfway Covenant (1662) Attempt to increase membersAttempt to increase members
► Salem Witch Trials (1692-Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)1693) 185 accused185 accused
► 141 women; 44 men141 women; 44 men 19 executed19 executed
► 14 women; 5 men14 women; 5 men
New England PoliticsNew England Politics► Fundamental Orders of Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut (1639)Connecticut (1639) First written constitution First written constitution
in Americain America
► Relations with NativesRelations with Natives New England New England
Confederation (1643-Confederation (1643-1684)1684)► Defense alliance among Defense alliance among
Plymouth, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New HavenConnecticut, New Haven
► King Philip’s (Metacom) King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676)War (1675-1676)
New England New England Confederation defeats Confederation defeats Wampanoag allianceWampanoag alliance
Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies► DevelopmentDevelopment
New YorkNew York► New Amsterdam New Amsterdam
transferred to Duke of transferred to Duke of York in 1664York in 1664
New Jersey (1702)New Jersey (1702) Pennsylvania settled by Pennsylvania settled by
QuakersQuakers Delaware (1702)Delaware (1702)
► EconomicsEconomics Develop wheat and Develop wheat and
corn farmscorn farms► ““Bread basket” of the Bread basket” of the
coloniescolonies Eventually into Eventually into
manufacturing and manufacturing and tradetrade
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
►William Penn (1681)William Penn (1681)► Religious Society of Religious Society of
Friends aka QuakersFriends aka Quakers►Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment
Religious refugeReligious refuge Liberal political idealsLiberal political ideals Economic successEconomic success Frame of Government Frame of Government
and Charter of and Charter of LibertiesLiberties
Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies
► Maryland (1634)Maryland (1634) Lord BaltimoreLord Baltimore Act of Toleration (1649)Act of Toleration (1649)
► Virginia (1607)Virginia (1607)► Carolinas (1663)Carolinas (1663)
North Carolina (1729)North Carolina (1729)►TobaccoTobacco
South Carolina (1729)South Carolina (1729)►Rice and indigoRice and indigo
► Georgia (1732)Georgia (1732) James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe
GeorgiaGeorgia► James James
Oglethorpe Oglethorpe establishes in establishes in 17321732 Social Social
experimentexperiment
►Defensive buffer Defensive buffer to Spanish to Spanish FloridaFlorida
►Debtors colonyDebtors colony
Colonial ReligionColonial Religion► Diverse among colonies Diverse among colonies
regarding strict adherence and regarding strict adherence and religious tolerationreligious toleration
► Protestant dominantProtestant dominant Anglican ChurchAnglican Church CongregationalistCongregationalist PresbyterianPresbyterian LutheranLutheran CatholicCatholic
► The (First) Great Awakening The (First) Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)(1730s-1740s) Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards
► ““Sinners in the Hands of an Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Angry God”
George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield EvangelismEvangelism Baptists and MethodistsBaptists and Methodists
Colonial Politics► Limited Self-
Government Elected bicameral
legislative assemblies Governors Local governments
►Voting Limited to adult male
educated and/or property owners
► Freedom of Expression John Peter Zenger Case
(1735)
Dominion of New England (1686-1689)
► Established by King James II to consolidate colonies
► Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey
► Governor Edmund Andros► Dissolution
Colonial Society And Colonial Culture
► American Social Structure Wealthy landowners Merchants Small farmers Craftspeople Slaves Regional differences
► Opportunity Less dependent on heredity
► Gender Roles Men
► Patriarchal society, landowners, workers
Women► Submissive to men but
respected, domestic responsibilities, limited to no political rights
►Becoming American Pragmatism
►Dominance of English culture
► Folkways Regional
differences
Colonial Culture - The Arts►Architecture
Early colonies centered around a church
Urban structures typical of English structures
Frontier log cabins►Literature
Newspapers Religious sermons,
political essays, non-fiction books
Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin
Colonial Culture - Education► Limited to wealthy males; females learned
domestic chores►Higher Education
Most established for ministry/theological studies►New England Colonies
Education by mothersEducation by mothers Towns with over 50 families required primary Towns with over 50 families required primary
schools; over 100 families, required grammar schools; over 100 families, required grammar schoolsschools
►Middle Colonies Private and church education
►Southern Colonies Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle
Settlement and MigrationSettlement and Migration
► 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775million in 1775
► Europeans and Africans Europeans and Africans along with a high birth ratealong with a high birth rate
► Reasons: religion; Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoileconomics; political turmoil
► English, Germans English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish Swedish OLD OLD IMMIGRANTSIMMIGRANTS
► Africans forced to America; Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and suffered discrimination and slave laborslave labor
SAQ #1SAQ #1A. Briefly explain the
point of view expressed through the image about ONE of the following: Europeans, American Indians.
B. Briefly explain one outcome of European arrival on the Atlantic World.
C. Briefly explain ANOTHER specific historical effect that resulted from European arrival in the Atlantic World.
Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery► Indentured servitudeIndentured servitude►Why Slaves?Why Slaves?
Increased wages in Increased wages in EnglandEngland
Labor shortages lead Labor shortages lead to importing slavesto importing slaves
Cheap laborCheap labor Dependable work Dependable work
forceforce► Slave Rebellions and Slave Rebellions and
ReactionsReactions Stono Rebellion/Cato Stono Rebellion/Cato
Rebellion (1739)Rebellion (1739) New York New York
“Conspiracy” (1741)“Conspiracy” (1741) Slave lawsSlave laws
Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
►The Atlantic Slave Trade in Two Minutes (Click here to view) 315 years.
20,528 voyages. Millions of lives.
Colonial EconomicsColonial Economics► MercantilismMercantilism
Colonies for the Colonies for the “Mother Country”“Mother Country”
► Acts of NavigationActs of Navigation Trade on English Trade on English
shipsships Imports pass English Imports pass English
portsports Exports to EnglandExports to England
► Molasses Act Molasses Act (1733)(1733)
► Triangular TradeTriangular Trade Middle PassageMiddle Passage
Colonial EconomicsColonial Economics► MoneyMoney
Commodity money (gold/silver)Commodity money (gold/silver) Fiat money (paper currency)Fiat money (paper currency)
► TransportationTransportation Rivers and coastsRivers and coasts Horse and carriageHorse and carriage Taverns and postal servicesTaverns and postal services
► New EnglandNew England Shipbuilding and manufacturingShipbuilding and manufacturing LumberLumber Fishing and whalingFishing and whaling Merchants/TradeMerchants/Trade
► Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies Wheat and cornWheat and corn LumberLumber ManufacturingManufacturing Merchants/TradeMerchants/Trade
► Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies Plantation systemsPlantation systems
► Tobacco, rice, indigoTobacco, rice, indigo Forced laborForced labor
► Indentured servants and slavesIndentured servants and slaves
PUROPOSE DATE FOUNDER MAJOR EXPORT
VIRGINIA commercial 1607 Virginia CompanyJohn Smith
Tobacco
PLYMOUTH/MASSACHUSETTS
Religious refuge/commercial
1620/1628
William Bradford/Massachusetts Bay CompanyJohn Winthrop
Grain, timber
NEW YORK commercial 1613 (1664) Peter Stuveysant(Duke of York)
Furs, grain
NEW HAMPSHIRE commercial 1623 John Mason Timber, naval stores
RHODE ISLAND Religious refuge 1636 Roger Williams Grain
CONNECTICUT expansion 1635 Thomas Hooker Grain
PENNSYLVANIA Religious refuge 1681 William Penn - Quakers
Grain
DELAWARE commercial 1638 (1681) Peter Minuit/William Penn
Grain
MARYLAND Religious refuge 1634 Lord Baltimore - Catholics
Tobacco
NORTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Tobacco, timber, naval stores
SOUTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Rice, indigo, naval stores
GEORGIA Buffer, experiment 1733 James Oglethorpe Rice, timber, naval stores
() - Becomes an English colony
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