Combination Surgical Therapy Banding the Bypass Bypassing the Band Matthew Kroh,MD Assistant...

Combination Surgical TherapyBanding the BypassBypassing the Band

Matthew Kroh,MD

Assistant Professor of SurgeryCleveland Clinic

Center for Surgical Innovation, Technology, and EducationBariatric & Metabolic Institute

Disclosures

• Research support from and/or consultant:– Covidien– Ethicon Endo-Surgery– Davol/Bard

Introduction

• Number of failures & revisions increasing– Initial weight– Weight regain

• Must be part of inter-disciplinary evaluation including diet and exercise

Year

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

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tions

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20000

40000

60000

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100000

120000

US Bariatric Surgery 1993-2004

Introduction

• Revisional bariatric surgery– More technically challenging – Higher complication rates

• Often open procedures• Increased laparoscopic experience

increasing successful outcomes

Indications

• Definitions of failure• Weight regain• Regain medical co-

morbdities• Failure to ameliorate

co-morbidities• Mechanical failure

– Operation– Device

Options for Failures

• Revisional procedures focus on:– Stoma size– Pouch size– Limb lengths

• Variables that can be surgically altered

Bypassing the Band

Reasons for Conversion

• Proportion of patients previously implanted requiring reoperation varies widely – (5-58%)

• Usually secondary to slippage or dilation• Revisions include replacement or re-

positioning of band• May convert to another procedure

– Most commonly sleeve gastrectomy or RYGB

Background

• Failure rates after banding are widely variable depending on criteria

• Different than RYGB• Include:

– Poor initial EWL– Long term weight regain– Slippage– Intolerance– Esophageal dilation– Infection– Gastric ischemia

AGB Failure

• Requires exclusion of band malposition or malfunction

• Conversion to RYGB described as 2- and 1-step procedures– Success of 1 step procedure enhanced with band

deflation in advance

• Conversion to RYGB more common procedure• Data improving, short and intermediate term

• 350 pts in 7 years underwent AGB

• 21 underwent conversion to RYGB

• Indications:– Poor weight loss, slippage, intolerance,

esophageal dilation, acute complications

• Average time to conversion 27 months

• 3 major complications (11%)– 1 leak, 1 j-j obstruction, 1 a-fib

• Follow-up 18 months

• Conclude safe and efficacious after failed LAGB

• 70 patients for failure – Inadequate weight loss

• Reinhold criteria (<25%)

– Slippage– Erosion

• Performed average 42 months after primary procedure

• Complication rate 14%, no mortality

Band to Bypass

• Several published series

• Overall low morbidity, mortality– Still significantly higher than primary

operations

• May be performed as staged procedure, especially for acute presentations

• Important to perform thorough pre-op evaluation

Re-operation After Primary Banding

• Not infrequent• Indications for re-operation should dictate plan• Repositioning or replacing AGB appears to be

good option for band related complications– Leakage, disconnection– Slippage? Up to 33% recurrence (Suter et al)

• Failure in terms of EWL and co-morbidities better treated with conversion– Most commonly RYGB

Banding the Bypass

Banding the Bypass- Simultaneous Procedures

• Usually in higher risk patients for failure– High BMI (Super-obese), Men

• Weight regain at 3-5 years• Greater experience with fixed rings

– Silastic, polypropylene– Concern for stenosis, erosion, infection

• Fobi, Capela and Capela– Large series of banded bypass pts, excellent

results

• Prospective study

• 90 pts, BMI >50

• Randomized intra-op to banded versus non-banded RYGB

• 1.5 x 7cm Marlex band, sutured around proximal pouch, 5.5 cm diameter

• 2 cm above G-J

• 36 month f/u

GI symptoms Complications

For Failure of Primary Operation

• Additional operation after RYGB

• Major complications for revision RYGB– Up to 50%

• Requires work-up– Anatomic

• Pouch dilation• Stoma dilation• Gatrogastric-fistula

– Exercise– Diet

Surgical Options

• Limb-lengthening procedures– Long-limb gastric bypass

• BPD with or without DS

• Revision of stoma– Surgical or endoscopic

• Revision of pouch– Surgical or endoscopic

Options

• Limb lengthening– Potentially severe metabolic problems

• BPD +/- DS – technically difficult– Excellent EWL, but malabsorption significant

• Endoscopic approaches– Promising– Durability, long term results

Surgical Options

• Banding the bypass

• Fixed versus adjustable bands– Interrupting propulsive wave with reduced

compliance versus outlet restriction

• Mainly silastic or polypropylene

Pre-operative Evaluation

• Operative notes• UGI• Endoscopy

– Hiatal hernia, G-G fistula, ulcer

– E-G junction– Length of pouch– Width of pouch– Size and

characteristics of G-J

Technique

• Laparoscopy versus open

• Knowledge of previous RYGB– Ante-colic, ante-gastric– Retro-colic, retro-gastric

• Recognize and repair hiatal hernia

• Identification of G-J– Intra-op endoscopy

Technique

• Identification of and mobilization of Angle of His

• Left pillar visualization

• Often requires dissection between remnant and pouch

Bessler et al, SOARD, (15) 1443-48.

Technique

• Pars flaccida approach

• Small retro-gastric tunnel

• Gastro-gastric plication– Remnant stomach– Large pouch– ? No plication

Outcomes

• Limited data

• Medical therapy still limited

• Short and medium term outcomes

• 6 pts s/p RYGB• Hyperphagia and weight

regain• BMI at reoperation 38,

initial BMI 36• Time interval 26 months

from 1st operation• Placement non-

adjustable silastic band (6.5-7cm)

• Results– No complications– F/U 14 months– Final BMI 26– EWL 70%– EWL before and after

revision statistically significant

• Hypothesize that fixed ring interrupts propulsive wave, delays emptying

• Different than restriction of AGB

Adjustable Band after Bypass

• Well documented safety• Excellent results as primary procedure

– 11 Pts, poor EWL or weight regain– Initial EWL 38%, after LAGB 59%– One flipped port, no other complications– Mean follow-up 13 months

• 23 patients failure RYGB– Persistent BMI after surgery >35– <50% EWL at 18 months

• Mean BMI at revision 45, initial BMI 53

• Majority laparoscopic

• Complications (13.5% re-operation rate)– 1 leak required removal – 1 slip, 1 port infection, 1 SBO from tubing

EWL at 5 Years

Advantages of AGB to RYGB

• Technically simpler– Especially after lap RYGB

• No anastomosis

• Unlikely additional metabolic sequelae

Conclusions

• Increasing number of failures after primary procedures

• Difficult group of patients requires thorough investigation as to etiology of failure

• Addition of AGB to RYGB for failure seems reasonable with short term data

• Long term outcomes required