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Internet Option in the 2010 Census Internet Option in the 2010 Census of Koreaof Korea

Internet Option in the 2010 Census Internet Option in the 2010 Census of Koreaof Korea

Counting the 7 Billion: The Future of Population and Housing Censuses

Challenges and Benefits of Using Modern Technologies

Ki-Jong WooKi-Jong Woo

Commissioner

Statistics Korea

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ContentsContents

MMotivatorsotivatorsMMotivatorsotivators1111

Internet Option for the 2010 CensusInternet Option for the 2010 Census2222

Internet Uptake RatesInternet Uptake Rates3333

Data QualityData Quality4444

Lessons LearnedLessons Learned5555

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1. Motivators1. Motivators1. Motivators1. Motivators

4

Rising cost of census-taking

- on average, cost increases

by

1.5 times between censuses

$46.8M

1995 2000 2005 2010

$72.5M

$112.1M

$157.2M

1$ = 1,150 Won

A need to reduce the cost of census-taking

(1) More adverse census-taking environment(1) More adverse census-taking environment

5

Changes in household patterns (2010)

- one-person households : 23.9%

- dual-earner households : 37.2%

- elderly aged 65+ : 11.3%

Making it difficult to interview households

15.5%

20.0%

12.7%

23.9%

1995 2000 2005 2010

414

317222

164(In ‘000)

6

Growing awareness of privacy

- Increasing non-response rate

More and more people are reluctant to cooperate with government

1.7%

2006

2.2%2.8%

3.6%

2007 2008 2009

< Economically Active Population Survey >

7

70.2%

2002

< Korea Internet Security Agency >

2004 2006 2008 2010

72.2%78.4%

80.6%81.6%

(2) Opportunities for introducing modern technologies (2) Opportunities for introducing modern technologies

Internet penetration rate:

- 81.6% (May, 2010)

Improved quality of administrative data

- Population register

- Building register

- New address system, etc.

8

Ample experience of conducting electronic surveys

by Statistics Korea

(2010)2727 (2009)

25252525

(2006)6666(2005)3333

9

2. Internet Option 2. Internet Option for the 2010 Census for the 2010 Census2. Internet Option 2. Internet Option for the 2010 Census for the 2010 Census

10

HistoryHistory

Census Day

EnumerationPeriod

Census Questionnaire

(1) Outline of the 2010 Census

Conducted every five years since 1925. 2010 Population Census (18th )

As of 0:00, November 1, 2010

November 1 – 15 (15 days)

(e-Census : Oct. 22-31, 10 days)

50 items (short form: 19, long form: 31)

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Citizenship

Year/Monthof Arrival

Child care

Number of childrenmothers plan to have

Impairmentcare

Heating facility

Main means ofcommuting

Use of transportation

meansIT facilitiesSocial activities

MulticulturalMulticulturalFamilyFamily

MulticulturalMulticulturalFamilyFamily

LowLowBirth Rate &Birth Rate &

Aging SocietyAging Society

LowLowBirth Rate &Birth Rate &

Aging SocietyAging Society

SocialSocialParticipationParticipation

SocialSocialParticipationParticipation

DigitalDigitalBroadcastingBroadcasting

DigitalDigitalBroadcastingBroadcasting

Low CarbonLow CarbonGreen growthGreen growth

Low CarbonLow CarbonGreen growthGreen growth

12

Results Release

Budget

Workforce 119,000: 6,000 officials + 113,000 enumerators

Preliminary: Dec. 2010

Short form: Jul. 2011 / Long form : Oct. 2011

$157.2 M

* 1995: $46.8M, 2000: $72.5M, 2005: $112.1M.

Labor cost$106.1M67.5%67.5%

17.9%17.9%

7.0%

Censusactivity & supplies $28.1M

Data processing$11.9M

Publicity cost$11.0M

7.6%7.6%

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Oct. 19-21Oct. 19-21 Oct. 22-31Oct. 22-31 Nov. 1-15Nov. 1-15

(2) Timeline for Internet Option Period

PreparatoryPreparatoryPeriodPeriod

InternetInternetOptionOption

Door-to-door Door-to-door VisitsVisits

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DBDB

(3) Work Flow of the Internet Option

Address DB, Household list, Housing DB Pull & Push Strategy

Thank YouNote (e-mail)

YesYes

YesYes

YesYes

NoNo

NoNo

Create Internet Access CodeCreate Internet Access Code

Intent toparticipateIntent toparticipate

• Send SMS to encourage response

Give Internet Access CodeGive Internet Access Code

PreparationPreparation

Automatic editingAutomatic editingAutomatic editingAutomatic editing

PublicCampaignPublicCampaign

Fill Out the FormFill Out the FormFill Out the FormFill Out the Form

ConfirmConfirmConfirmConfirm

Finished?Finished?Finished?Finished?

Electronic management

Re-contact those who haven’t completed the form

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Country Internet Access Code Digit

Canada

＊ Internet Access Code(15-digit)

Australia

＊ Census Form Number(13-digit)＊ E-Census Number(12-digit)

Japan

＊ Government approval number(4-digit)

＊ Questionnaire ID(11-digit)＊ Verification Number(8-digit)

(4) Internet Access Code

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Access the Internet Access the Internet Access the Internet Access the Internet

For foreigners For foreigners For foreigners For foreigners

Begin the e-CensusBegin the e-CensusBegin the e-CensusBegin the e-Census

(5) Accessing the Online Form

EnterEnter Internet Access CodeInternet Access Code

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CoverCoverCoverCover

HouseholdHouseholdHouseholdHousehold

Household MembersHousehold MembersHousehold MembersHousehold Members

HousingHousingHousingHousing

(6) Census Questionnaire for the Internet

18

Range and logic checks Range and logic checks Number of edit specifications : 88 for short form, 227 for long formNumber of edit specifications : 88 for short form, 227 for long form

(7) Input and Automatic Editing

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these households

have completed

the form

Shown hereShown hereShown hereShown here

This household

has not completed

the form

(8) Automated Response Management

Automatically manage the input process and report the statusAutomatically manage the input process and report the status

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Encoding SSL

External Network Internal Firewall

WEB Sever WEB Sever WAS Sever DB Sever

WEB EXT

WEB WAS DB

Internet

(9) Ensure Security

e-Census Systeme-Census Systeme-Census Systeme-Census System

InternetInternetRouterRouter

InternetInternetRouterRouter

Web FirewallWeb FirewallWeb FirewallWeb Firewall ExternalExternalFirewallFirewallExternalExternalFirewallFirewall

WEBWEBFirewallFirewallWEBWEB

FirewallFirewallWASWAS

FirewallFirewallWASWAS

FirewallFirewallDBDB

FirewallFirewallDBDB

FirewallFirewall

User Security

PC SecurityPC Security

User Security(Level 1)

Network Security(Level 2)

Web Service(Level 3)

Server Security(Level 4)

DB Security(Level 5)

Access ControlAccess Control Web Service SecurityWeb Service Security Security OSSecurity OS Encoding DataEncoding Data

PC keyboard Web browser No capture Encoding SSL

Web Firewall Encoding personal

information

Controlling

accesses to server

Separating internal and external network

Control irregular

traffic

21

3. Internet Uptake Rate3. Internet Uptake Rate3. Internet Uptake Rate3. Internet Uptake Rate

22

47.7%47.7%47.7%47.7%

49.3%49.3%49.3%49.3%

Short

Long

100%

100%

49.6%49.6%49.6%49.6%

40.4%40.4%40.4%40.4%

Urban

Rural

100%

100%

(1) Overall Internet Uptake Rate : 47.9%

(2) By questionnaire and region

Beginning period 5.4%, Ending Period 5.0%

10/19

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

10/20 10/21 10/2210/23 10/24 10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2 11/3 11/4 11/5 11/6 11/7

56

172209

943

491464

655

595546

611 619580

866

408

329

258

194 146101 115

Weekend effectWeekend effect

Beginning PeriodBeginning PeriodEnding PeriodEnding Period

Preparation Internet option period Extension

(Thousand

Households)

Daily internet response rate

(3) Characteristics of Internet Participants

23

24

Response rate by the time of day

8 pm~10 pm(16.4%), 10 pm~midnight(12.6%), 10 am~noon(12.1%)

0 - 2

(%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2 - 4 4 - 6 6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 12 12 - 14 14 - 16 16 - 18 18 - 20 20 - 22 22 - 24

3.6

0.60.3

1.3

7.9

12.1

10.711.0

12.0

11.6

16.4

12.6

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Age group (Internet respondents)

AgeAge

54.9%

35.7%

59.8%

48.2%

34.5%

20~29 30~39 40~49 50~59 60~

35.3%

~19

26

Education of household head (Internet respondents)

EducationEducation

Elementary Middle School High School College+

33.4% 33.9%

46.3%

59.8%

27

Size and type of household

1-person hhs

2-personhhs

5+personhhs

3-personhhs

4-personhhs

Married couplew/ childrenMarried couplew/ children

31.3%31.3%

39.2%39.2%

53.9%53.9%

64.1%64.1% 64.4%64.4%62.1%62.1%

38.3%38.3%

Married couplew/o childrenMarried couplew/o children

SizeSize TypeType

28

Type of housing and occupancy

59.3%

36.0%

47.9%43.5%

Detacheddwelling

Apartment Row house Apartment unit in a house

Others

47.1%

HousingHousing OccupancyOccupancy

51.7% 49.8% 47.5%

Owned Tenement Rent-free

37.3%

Rent

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4. Data Quality4. Data Quality4. Data Quality4. Data Quality

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(1) Coverage Error

The Internet option shows lower omission and duplication rates

Post-enumeration Survey of the 2010 Census Post-enumeration Survey of the 2010 Census

Internet Interview

Net omission rate 0.06 0.80

Omission rate 0.20 1.24

Duplication rate 0.14 0.44

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(2) Content Error

The Internet responses show lower error rates

<Error rates of Internet and interview option by major census items><Error rates of Internet and interview option by major census items>

Edit and Imputation Edit and Imputation

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ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) analysis ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) analysis

Controlling for age, education, sex, occupancy, and the type of living quarters, Internet responses show less errors.

Controlling for age, education, sex, occupancy, and the type of living quarters, Internet responses show less errors.

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5. Lessons Learned5. Lessons Learned5. Lessons Learned5. Lessons Learned

(1) Prove to be a cost-effective tool for census(1) Prove to be a cost-effective tool for census

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- 10,000 fewer enumerators: $3.9M saved

- Shorter enumeration period: 19 days 16 days $10.3M saved

Reduce personnel expenditure: by $14.2M

1,774 fewer data capture operators : $3.5M saved

Save data processing cost: by $3.5M

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< Reasons for choosing the Internet option >

(from add-on questionnaire on Internet option in 2010 Census)

Reduce enumerator’s visits to householdsReduce enumerator’s visits to households

2.5%

Convenience SafetyDislike visit by enumerators

Incentive

10.5%11.7%

72.2%

(2) Proven to be a convenient tool for surveys

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- Of them, 73.5% responded “Satisfied”

Overall Degree of Satisfaction

1-5Scale

Very Satisfied

SatisfiedNeither Satisfied Nor dissatisfied

DissatisfiedVery

dissatisfiedNo

response

Total 4.01 29.9 43.6 20.4 2.3 1.3 2.4

Short 4.06 31.7 44.1 19.1 1.8 1.0 2.3

Long 3.60 16.2 40.4 30.1 6.6 4.0 2.7

(Unit: %)

Most participants were satisfied with the Internet option

70.9% (5.72M households) of the Internet participants responded.

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(3) Prove to obtain more accurate responses

Higher coverage according to the PES

The range and logic check functions of the Internet optionworked effectively to secure accurate response.

Respondents with higher education are more likely to choose the Internet option

# of edit specifications : Long-form 227, Short-form 88

- # of mean error in short-form : 0.08 for Internet response vs1.83 for Interview - # of mean error in long-form : 1.27 for Internet response vs 3.56 for Interview - # of mean error in short-form : 0.08 for Internet response vs1.83 for Interview - # of mean error in long-form : 1.27 for Internet response vs 3.56 for Interview

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(4) Success Factors

As of 2010, the highest level in the world 0.5% in the 2005 Korean Census

Singapore(15.0%, 2000; 38.0%, 2010), Canada(18.5%, 2006), Norway(9.9%, 2001), Australia(9.0%, 2006; 37%, 2011),New Zealand(7.0%, 2006), Switzerland(4.2%, 2000)

54.4% in the 2011 Census of Canada

4.2%4.2% 7.0%7.0% 8.0%8.0%

37.0%37.0% 38.0%38.0%

47.9%47.9%

Switzerland(2000)

Switzerland(2000)

New Zealand(2006)

New Zealand(2006)

Norway(2001)

Norway(2001)

9.9%9.9%

Japan(2010)Japan(2010)

Australia(2011)

Australia(2011)

Singapore(2010)

Singapore(2010)

Korea(2010)Korea(2010)

Seven Seven months later, months later, 54.4% in the 54.4% in the 2011 Census 2011 Census of Canadaof Canada

Seven Seven months later, months later, 54.4% in the 54.4% in the 2011 Census 2011 Census of Canadaof Canada

Canada(2011)

Canada(2011)

39

Stability of e-Census system

User-friendly, well-designed questionnaire → convenient to respond

High Internet penetration rate for households : 81.6% as of 2010

Competitive sprit for higher Internet participation among provinces

(4) Success Factors

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Strategy for enhancing Internet responses

PullPull

- Hand out gifts by drawing : LED TV(20), Notebook (80), Bicycle(240) …- Give students two hour credits for volunteer work

Internet first

Incentives

- Campaign for e-CensusPublicity Campaign

Internet Interview

PushPush

(4) Success Factors

Thank you!Thank you!